Comparative analysis of reactive energy regulations
2018
Jakusenoks, A., Latvia Univ. of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava (Latvia) | Laizans, A., Latvia Univ. of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava (Latvia)
The article represents the analysis of tariffs, penalties and costs introduced for reactive electrical energy in different European countries. European electrical power suppliers’ websites and scientific articles were overviewed for information about reactive electrical energy regulations and tariffs. Reactive electrical energy penalties are introduced by the network operators in order to encourage the electricity users to reduce reactive energy produced by them impact to the electric energy supply network properties. As the trend in the reactive electrical energy goes from inductive towards capacitive, because of electrical appliance modernization through the increased use of LED light sources and invertors in the energy supply chain from the grid to the device, the need for the world experience analysis occurred. The research shows that several countries in Europe applied penalties on the reactive electrical energy production not only for heavy users (users with big allowed electrical power), but also for households. The reason seems to be increased proportion of reactive energy production from low voltage electricity users, including household and small business units. The measurements and accounting of reactive energy ask for special electric energy meters, which is the additional cost either to the consumers or to the electric network operator. At the same time large part of European countries do not have any regulations regarding reactive electrical energy; just some of them introduced the mentioned regulations for medium-voltage or high-voltage electricity users. With the reactive electric energy component increase there is high probability that the regulations and penalties will be introduced on a much wider scale, and will include low-voltage powered households as well, especially with the reduced electricity consumption per capita, and increasing operation costs incurred in the budget of network operators.
Show more [+] Less [-]AGROVOC Keywords
Bibliographic information
This bibliographic record has been provided by Fundamental Library of Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies