Brechas de rendimiento en el cultivo de palma de aceite: una revisión cuantitativa de factores determinantes (Carlos Arenas, trad.)
2018
l.s woittiez
L.S Woittiez, 'Brechas de rendimiento en el cultivo de palma de aceite: una revisión cuantitativa de factores determinantes (Carlos Arenas, trad.)', Palmas, vol. 39(1), pp.16-68, 2018
Show more [+] Less [-]Oil palm, currently the world�??s main vegetable oil crop, is characterized by a large productivity and a long lifespan (�?� 25 years). Peak oil yields of 12 t ha/yr have been achieved in small plantations, and maximum theoreticalyields as calculated with simulation models are 18.5 t oil ha/yr, yet average productivity worldwide hasstagnated around 3 t oil ha/yr. Considering the threat of expansion into valuable rainforests, it is importantthat the factors underlying these existing yield gaps are understood and, where feasible, addressed. In thisreview, we present an overview of the available data on yield-determining, yield-limiting, and yield-reducingfactors in oil palm; the effects of these factors on yield, as measured in case studies or calculated usingcomputer models; and the underlying plant-physiological mechanisms. We distinguish four production levels:the potential, water-limited, nutrient-limited, and the actual yield. The potential yield over a plantationlifetime is determined by incoming photosynthetically active radiation (@4+), temperature, atmospheric CO2concentration and planting material, assuming optimum plantation establishment, planting density (120-150palms per hectares), canopy management (30-60 leaves depending on palm age), pollination, and harvesting.Water-limited yields in environments with water deficits > 400 mm/yr can be less than one-third of the potentialyield, depending on additional factors such as temperature, wind speed, soil texture, and soil depth.Nutrient-limited yields of less than 50% of the potential yield have been recorded when nitrogen or potassiumwere not applied. Actual yields are influenced by yield-reducing factors such as unsuitable ground vegetation,pests, and diseases, and may be close to zero in case of severe infestations. Smallholders face particular constraintssuch as the use of counterfeit seed and insufficient fertilizer application. Closing yield gaps in existingplantations could increase global production by 15-20 Mt oil/yr, which would limit the drive for further areaexpansion at a global scale. To increase yields in existing and future plantations in a sustainable way, all productionfactors mentioned need to be understood and addressed
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