Quantification of Quercus petraea Liebl. forking based on a 23-year-long longitudinal survey

For Quercus petraea (sessile oak), the origin of forks is either traumatic or related to crown base formation ("metamorphosis"). The objectives of this study were to quantify forking, distinguish the two origins and test the effect of initial stocking density and tree attributes on the number of forks and height to the lowest one. The experiment took place in a 23-year-old sessile oak plantation in Normandy, France, where three initial planting densities were compared (1333, 2667 and 5333 seedlings per ha). The forks were observed every 3 years after the plantation. Fork number was modelled with a system of simultaneous linear equations that respectively predicted tree girth, height and the log-transformed fork frequency, with age and initial stocking density as explanatory variables. This model 1 was fitted as a seemingly unrelated regression with random effects to account for the tree and plot clustering. For trees having at least one fork, lowest fork height was quantified using a linear mixed model including predictors compatible with the response variables of model 1, age and stocking. The results showed that the number of forks can be predicted using the expected explanatory variables and it is significantly correlated with height and girth as well. Traumatic and metamorphosis-related origins were not clearly distinguished, but significant differences between the initial seedling densities were found, with the lowest density showing the highest number of forks. Lowest fork height depended on response variables of model 1, age and stocking. The stocking effect was significant but small. This study presents the first statistical quantification of tree forking ever made. From this quantification, it seemed obvious that the initial density of 2667 seedlings per ha could be a relevant initial density to avoid the emergence of too many forks and the insertion of the lowest forks too low down. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.