Systematic conservation planning for ecosystem services: opportunities for improving spatial targeting of ecosystem service payments in Costa Rica

Spanish; Castilian. CATIE (Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza)

English. Tropical forests are of high conservation priority world-wide due their high value for harboringbiodiversity and providing ecosystem services from the local to global scale. Financial resources forconservation are scarce. This challenges practitioners to design conservation networksencompassing spatial synergies between biodiversity and ecosystem services. Furthermore,conservation networks need to be robust to climate change impacts and the unpredictability ofbiodiversity response to these impacts. Methodologies for selecting locations that can help achieve multiple conservation objectives and can be easily integrated in current conservation practices are urgently needed. The first chapter of this study was focused on exploring the effect of integratinginto conservation assessments two climate adaptation approaches based on environmentalheterogeneity, as well as the effect of the selection of planning unit size on resultant conservationnetworks. With Costa Rica as planning region, our results showed that protecting the representation of the geophysical diversity resulted in conservation networks with over 25% more internal environmental heterogeneity, but more fragmented. Incorporating cross-environmental connectivity, on the other hand, resulted in low increases in environmental heterogeneity. Increasing the planning unit size reduced the effect of emphasizing connectivity between environmentally different locations. These results highlight the importance of testingenvironmental-heterogeneity-based approaches in each context due the specific characteristics ofplanning regions prior integrating them into formal conservation assessments. The second chapterfocused on exploring synergies between biodiversity and carbon storage priorities, when integrating environmental-heterogeneity-based climate adaptation approaches. Results revealedvery low synergies between targeting the representation of regional biodiversity and areas of high carbon content. However, spreading out across the country the selection of carbon priority areasby adding stratification improved the synergies with biodiversity priorities, and revealed locationsiv that could be considered priorities for carbon storage in the distribution range of Dry TropicalForests; one of the most threatened tropical ecosystem. The extent of gains for co-benefitsbetween carbon-related ES and biodiversity conservation will depend in part on how priority areas are selected for implementing strategies, such as PES and REDD, and will determine the locationand amount of tropical forest to be conserved. As indicated by the recent development of thespatial data used in Chapter 2, improving spatial datasets for supporting ES targeting is critical intropical dry forests. As a result, we developed new phenological approaches to map tropical dryforest type using multitemporal Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager data. The major gains inmapping accuracy realized by the multitemporal analysis bodes well for the future of landscapelevel ES planning in tropical dry forest. Finally, the promising progress in the detection of functionaltraits through remote sensing offers further opportunities to improve on the quality of the inputsfor the mapping of ES, a topic covered in Chapter 4.

Tesis (Doctorado) - CATIE. Escuela de Posgrado, Turrialba (Costa Rica), University of Idaho (Estados Unidos), 2016