Nano-sized adsorbent from pyrolysed sago activated sludge for removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solution
2020
Hasnain Hussain | Zainab Ngaini | Nurul Iwani Mahmut | Nur Aqilah Makshut | Rafeah Wahi | Nurul Qhalila Bahrin
Increased disposal of heavy metals, including lead (II) (Pb(II)) into the environment calls for a reliable and sustainable solution. In this study, nano-sized biochar from sago activated sludge was proposed for the removal of Pb(II). Sago activated sludge was pyrolysed in a tube furnace followed by a chemical activation to yield nano-sized particles ranging from 45 to 75 nm. The nano-sized biochar obtained was characterised and the influence of pH (2 – 10), initial Pb(II) concentration (1 – 5 mg/L), contact time (30 – 90 mins) and adsorbent dosage (0.1 – 0.5 g) was investigated in a batch adsorption study. Response surface methodology (RSM) approach with central composite design (CCD) was used as statistical tools to optimize the adsorption process by relating the mutual interactions among all studied variables. Characterisation of the prepared adsorbent showed that large surface area was observed on sludge activated carbon (78.863 m²/g) compared with sludge biochar (8.044 m²/g) and sludge biomass (1.303 m²/g). The batch adsorption best fitted the Langmuir isotherm (maximum adsorption capacity, Q₀ = 3.202 × 10-³ mg/g, R-squared value = 0.9308). The RSM indicated that the optimum Pb(II) removal (99.87%) was at 0.5g of adsorbent, 5 mg/L initial concentration and 30 min contact time. This study is significant because utilisation of sago effluent will reduce sago manufacturing waste by conversion into a value-added product as adsorbent to adsorb Pb(II) in wastewater.
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