Osnove agrotehnike proizvodnje ječma, zobi i raži | The basis of agricultural technology in barley, oak, and rye production

Croatian. Ječam, zob i raž pripadaju grupi strnih žitarica. Zajedničke su botaničke pripadnosti pa tako imaju i vrlo sličnu tehnologiju proizvodnje. Sve imaju i jaru i ozimu formu. Kod ječma i raži dominira ozima forma, a kod zobi jara forma. Korijen im je žiličast, stabljika šuplja sa 4 do 7 internodija. U visini dominira raž, koja ovisno o današnjim kultivarima, može narasti preko 150 cm, ječam se kreće od 60 do 100 cm, a zob od 80 do 100 cm. Listovi su uglavnom mali i naravno, pojavljuju se pojedinačno. Kod ječma i raži cvat je klas, a kod zobi metlica. Plod je zrno s trbušne strane razdijeljeno brazdicom. Kod ječma i zobi najčešće je obuveno u pljevicu dok je kod raži golo. Općenito nemaju velike zahtjeve prema vodi i toplini. Poznate su po otpornosti na negativne temperature. To su tzv. biljke dugog dana, a karakterizira ih i uzgoj u gustom sklopu. Siju se na osnovu broja klijavih zrna/m2 (sjetveni sklop) ili drugim riječima imaju određenu sjetvenu normu kg/ha propisanu za svaku sortu. Bez obzira na vrstu i sortu, sjetvenu normu možemo odrediti putem ove formule.

English. Barley, oak and rye belong to the group of small cereal crops. They belong to the same botanic group so they have a very similar technology of production. They all have both summer and winter form. In barley and rye the winter form dominates, whereas in oak the dominant form is the summer one, of red heat. They all have a threadlike root, the stem is hollow with 4 to 7 internodias. Rye is the highest, and its height can, depending on the cultivars, be over 150 cm. Barley is from 60 to 100 cm high, and oak from 80 to 100 cm. Leaves are mostly small and of course, appear individually. Barley and rye have an ear as their inflorescence, whereas oak has a whisk. The fruit is a grain which is divided by a furrow. Barley and oak have the grain wrapped in the winnow whereas rye has bare grains. In general they do not have great demands for water and heat. They are known for their resistence to temperatures below zero. They are the so called plants of a long day, characterized by the cultivation in thick rows. They are sown on the basis of the sprouting grains per square metre (sowing combination) or in other words they have a specific sowing norm of kg/ha perscribed for each sort.