The number of tree species on Earth
2022
Gatti, Roberto Cazzolla | Reich, Peter B. | Gamarra, Javier G.P. | Crowther, Tom | Hui, Cang | Morera, Albert | Bastin, Jean Francois | de-Miguel, Sergio | Nabuurs, Gert Jan | Svenning, Jens Christian | Serra-Diaz, Josep M. | Merow, Cory | Enquist, Brian | Kamenetsky, Maria | Lee, Junho | Zhu, Jun | Fang, Jinyun | Jacobs, Douglass F. | Pijanowski, Bryan | Banerjee, Arindam | Giaquinto, Robert A. | Alberti, Giorgio | Zambrano, Angelica Maria Almeyda | Alvarez-Davila, Esteban | Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro | Avitabile, Valerio | Aymard, Gerardo A. | Balazy, Radomir | Baraloto, Chris | Barroso, Jorcely G. | Bastian, Meredith L. | Birnbaum, Philippe | Bitariho, Robert | Bogaert, Jan | Bongers, Frans | Bouriaud, Olivier | Brancalion, Pedro H.S. | Brearley, Francis Q. | Broadbent, Eben North | Bussotti, Filippo | da Silva, Wendeson Castro | César, Ricardo Gomes | Češljar, Goran | Moscoso, Víctor Chama | Chen, Han Y.H. | Cienciala, Emil | Clark, Connie J. | Coomes, David A. | Dayanandan, Selvadurai | Decuyper, Mathieu | Dee, Laura E. | Del Aguila Pasquel, Jhon | Derroire, Géraldine | Djuikouo, Marie Noel Kamdem | van Do, Tran | Dolezal, Jiri | Đorđevic, Ilija | Engel, Julien | Fayle, Tom M. | Feldpausch, Ted R. | Fridman, Jonas K. | Harris, David J. | Hemp, Andreas | Hengeveld, Geerten | Herault, Bruno | Herold, Martin | Ibanez, Thomas | Jagodzinski, Andrzej M. | Jaroszewicz, Bogdan | Jeffery, Kathryn J. | Johannsen, Vivian Kvist | Jucker, Tommaso | Kangur, Ahto | Karminov, Victor N. | Kartawinata, Kuswata | Kennard, Deborah K. | Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian | Keppel, Gunnar | Khan, Mohammed Latif | Khare, Pramod Kumar | Kileen, Timothy J. | Kim, Hyun Seok | Korjus, Henn | Kumar, Amit | Kumar, Ashwani | Laarmann, Diana | Labrière, Nicolas | Lang, Mait | Lewis, Simon L. | Lukina, Natalia | Maitner, Brian S. | Malhi, Yadvinder | Marshall, Andrew R. | Martynenko, Olga V. | Monteagudo Mendoza, Abel L. | Ontikov, Petr V. | Ortiz-Malavasi, Edgar | Pallqui Camacho, Nadir C. | Paquette, Alain | Park, Minjee | Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy | Peri, Pablo Luis | Petronelli, Pascal | Pfautsch, Sebastian | Phillips, Oliver L. | Picard, Nicolas | Piotto, Daniel | Poorter, Lourens | Poulsen, John R. | Pretzsch, Hans | Ramírez-Angulo, Hirma | Correa, Zorayda Restrepo | Rodeghiero, Mirco | Del Pilar Rojas Gonzáles, Rocío | Rolim, Samir G. | Rovero, Francesco | Rutishauser, Ervan | Saikia, Purabi | Salas-Eljatib, Christian | Schepaschenko, Dmitry | Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael | Šebeň, Vladimír | Silveira, Marcos | Slik, Ferry | Sonké, Bonaventure | Souza, Alexandre F. | Stereńczak, Krzysztof Jan | Svoboda, Miroslav | Taedoumg, Hermann | Tchebakova, Nadja | Terborgh, John | Tikhonova, Elena | Torres-Lezama, Armando | van der Plas, Fons | Vásquez, Rodolfo | Viana, Helder | Vibrans, Alexander C. | Vilanova, Emilio | Vos, Vincent A. | Wang, Hua Feng | Westerlund, Bertil | White, Lee J.T. | Wiser, Susan K. | Zawiła-Niedźwiecki, Tomasz | Zemagho, Lise | Zhu, Zhi Xin | Zo-Bi, Irié C. | Liang, Jingjing
One of the most fundamental questions in ecology is how many species inhabit the Earth. However, due to massive logistical and financial challenges and taxonomic difficulties connected to the species concept definition, the global numbers of species, including those of important and well-studied life forms such as trees, still remain largely unknown. Here, based on global ground-sourced data, we estimate the total tree species richness at global, continental, and biome levels. Our results indicate that there are ∼73,000 tree species globally, among which ∼9,000 tree species are yet to be discovered. Roughly 40% of undiscovered tree species are in South America. Moreover, almost one-third of all tree species to be discovered may be rare, with very low populations and limited spatial distribution (likely in remote tropical lowlands and mountains). These findings highlight the vulnerability of global forest biodiversity to anthropogenic changes in land use and climate, which disproportionately threaten rare species and thus, global tree richness.
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