Štete od ljetnih suša u proizvodnji kukuruza i soje | Yield and quality losses from summer droughts in corn and soybean production

Croatian. Zadnjih godina poljoprivrednici se sve više susreću s polaganim rastom temperatura zraka, a koje tijekom ljetnih mjeseci najčešće prati i nedostatak oborina. U Hrvatskoj nedovoljnu opskrbu vodom najlakše opažamo za kasne jarine poput kukuruza i soje jer se njihova aktivna vegetacija najvećim dijelom odvija tijekom najtoplijeg i najsušnijeg dijela godine (srpnja i kolovoza). Općenito se može reći da sa sve dužim razdobljem nedostatka vode tijekom vegetacije dolazi do sve većih šteta u usjevu jer biljke zaostaju u rastu, imaju manju veličinu lisne površine, a time će na kraju i njihov prirod odnosno prinos biti značajno umanjen. Suša koja nastupi za vrijeme kritičnog perioda za vodu najviše smanjuje prirod odnosno prinos uzgajane kulture, a u ekstremnim slučajevima mogu nastati i potpune štete. No, suša ima prvenstveno jako negativan utjecaj na prinos, dok je njen učinak na kakvoću prinosa odnosno priroda relativno malen. U stručnom radu se iznosi negativan učinak visokih temperatura zraka i nedostatka vode na prinos i kakvoću kukuruza i soje, dvije naše najraširenije jare kulture.

English. Crop producers are becoming aware of a slow rise in air temperatures in the past years, which is often coupled with a lack of precipitation during the summer months. In Croatia, insufficient water supply (water stress) is easily observed for late spring crops such as maize and soybean since their growing season is occurring during the hottest and driest part of the year (July and August). In general, crop damage is increased with the extended period of water shortage during the growing season because of slower growth and lower leaf area, which in turn, result in greatly reduced biological and economic yield. A severe drought occurring during the critical period for water has the largest negative impact on the biological and economic yield of field crops, and in some cases, may result in total yield loss. Consequently, the drought primarily affects the biological and economic yield of arable crops, while its effect on the quality is less evident. This professional paper presents the negative effect of high air temperatures and water shortage on the yield and quality of maize and soybeans, two most widely grown spring crops in Croatia.