Overlapping pathophysiological pathways between sarcopenia and chronic diseases
2023
Zagami, Francesco
Sarcopenia and frailty are two geriatric syndromes that cause loss of muscle mass and function in addition to other various impairments. Sarcopenia is a specific phenotype of frailty where low grip strength, slow walking, and reduced muscle mass are observed. Since modern communities are aging more than ever, geriatric syndromes have become more prevalent and are linked to morbidity and disabilities. Several mechanisms are involved in the pathophysiology of sarcopenia, such as autophagy, protein synthesis and degradation, satellite cell activation damages, mitochondrial dysfunction, increased intracellular oxidative stress, and other factors like malnutrition, physical inactivity, and systemic inflammation that contribute to muscle weakness and degeneration. Modulating factors such as exosomes and transporters that can govern muscle loss and regeneration are involved in this pathogenetic pathway. The significance of these compounds is not theoretical since they provide a useful diagnostic tool as well as a potential treatment target. Thereby, the study of exosomes can explain the complex and intricate process of geriatric syndrome as an increasingly frequent complication of various diseases in the elderly. Therefore, this study explores the overlapping pathophysiological pathways between chronic diseases and sarcopenia by reviewing the current conception of exosome production and exosomal cargo in chronic diseases.
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