Effect of mefloquine administered orally at single, multiple, or combined with artemether, artesunate, or praziquantel in treatment of mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum

The purpose of the study is to explore the efficacy of mefloquine administered orally at single, multiple doses, or in combination with artesuante, artemether, or praziquantel in mouse—Schistosoma japonicum model. A total of 205 mice were divided into 4 batches and each batch of mice was infected percutaneously with 40 S. japonicum cercariae for 35 days. The infected mice were treated orally with mefloquine at single doses, multiple daily doses, or combined with artesunate, artemether, or praziquantel, while infected but untreated mice served as control. All treated animals were killed 4 weeks post-treatment for assessment of effect. When infected mice were treated orally with mefloquine at single or multiple daily doses under the same total dose levels, the tendency to decrease the efficacy was seen. Particularly, when a lower single dose of 100 mg/kg was divided equally into five daily doses of 20 mg/kg, the efficacy decreased statistically significant (P < 0.05), i.e., the total worm and female worm reductions of 67.9% and 73.4% decreased to 31.3% and 30.3%, respectively. In infected mice treated with mefloquine or artesuante at a single dose of 100 mg/kg, a moderate effect against schistosomes was observed. No further significant reduction of total and female worm burdens was seen, when the two drugs combined together at the same dose level. On the other hand, administration of mefloquine combined with artesunate at single dose of 50 mg/kg, which exhibited no effect against schistosomes, resulted in significant reduction of total and female worm burdens in comparison with the groups treated with mefloquine and artesunate alone at the same dose level. Similar results were observed in treatment of infected mice with mefloquine in combination with artemether at the smaller dose of 50 mg/kg. The total worm burden was significantly lower than that of control and the female worm burden was also significant lower than that of groups treated with mefloquine and artemether alone. Interestingly, in administration of mefloquine 100 mg/kg combined with artemether 100 mg/kg to the infected mice, all female worms were killed and the total worm burden was also statistically significant lower than that of groups treated with either drug alone. Finally, when infected mice were treated with mefloquine combined with prazqiuatel at single dose of 50 mg/kg, no apparent improvement in efficacy was seen. Administration of mefloquine 100 mg/kg combined with praziquantel 100 mg/kg, only the difference of female worm burdens between praziquantel group and combined treatment group was statistically significant. The results indicate that under the same dose level of mefloquine, the efficacy of single dose is superior to that of multiple daily doses; mefloquine combined with artesunate or artemether at an invalid or moderate effective dose may show synergistic effect, especially the effect against female worms; no prominent synergistic effect is observed, when the similar dose level of mefloquine in combination with praziquantel.