RETRACTION:Impact of anthropogenic disturbance on the density and activity pattern of deer evaluated with respect to spatial scale-dependency

Agetsuma, Naoki; Kōda, Ryōsuke; Tsujino, Riyou; Agetsuma-Yanagihara, Yoshimi

RETRACTION:Impact of anthropogenic disturbance on the density and activity pattern of deer evaluated with respect to spatial scale-dependency

2016

Agetsuma, Naoki | Kōda, Ryōsuke | Tsujino, Riyou | Agetsuma-Yanagihara, Yoshimi

This study examined the influence of anthropogenic disturbance (agriculture, forestry, hunting and feral domestic dogs) on the population density and daily activity pattern of deer. We quantified the effects of land use (broad-leaved forest, mixed coniferous/broad-leaved forest, natural grassland, subalpine vegetation, forestry area, and agricultural land), along with hunting pressure, and densities of feral domestic dogs and wild macaques on deer. The effects of land use were analyzed at various spatial scales and a model selection procedure (generalized mixed model) was used to examine the effects of factors on density and daily activity pattern of deer at each spatial scale. The combinations of influential factors differed between density and daily activity pattern and changed with spatial scale. The spatial scale with the smallest Akaike's Information Criterion value was defined as the effective spatial scale for each of density and daily activity pattern. Deer density was affected positively by the percentage of area covered by broad-leaved forest, natural grassland and macaque density, and negatively by percentage of area covered by agricultural land and mixed forest at the effective spatial scales. For the daily activity pattern of deer, agricultural land, forestry area, natural grassland, subalpine vegetation and dog density reduced diurnal and increased nocturnal activity. Crepuscular activity increased with hunting pressure and subalpine vegetation, and decreased with agricultural land. Thus, daily activity pattern was sensitive to more types of anthropogenic disturbance than density. Detecting the appropriate spatial scales at which significant anthropogenic disturbance should be managed is essential for effective wildlife conservation.

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AGROVOC Keywords

agricultural land deciduous forests deer dogs feral animals forestry grasslands land use land use macaca macaque mixed forests population density statistical models wildlife management

Bibliographic information

Published in

Mammalian biology

Volume 81 Issue 2 Pagination 130 - 137 ISSN 1616-5047

Publisher

Elsevier B.V.

Other Subjects

Animal behavior; Nocturnal activity; Anthropogenic activities; Spatial scale; Cervus nippon yakushimae; Hunting pressure

Language

English

Note

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy).This article was retracted at the request of the authors Naoki Agetsuma, Ryosuke Koda, Riyou Tsujino and Yoshimi Agetsuma-Yanagihara.The authors are sorry to report that they found a bug in statistical software “R” used in their article published in Mammalian Biology. They would like to withdraw the paper.The authors found a bug of the “dredge” function in “MuMIn” package of statistical software “R” (R Development Core Team, 2012) they used. The “dredge” function generates all possible mathematical models such as generalized linear model (GLM) and generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) using all combination of variables, and supports model selection procedures by AIC. The “R” prepares several GLMM functions such as “glmmML”, “lmer” and “glmmadmb”, and manual of the “MuMIn” package shows the “dredge” function can be applicable for all these GLMM functions (Barton K. 2013). Then, they used “glmmadmb” and “dredge” for their analyses.However, when the authors made further analyses of the same data set using “glmmadmb” and “dredge” functions recently, they found a discrepancy of statistic results of “dredge” with other functions (“summary” and “model.sel”). The “dredge” seems not to take account of “mixed effect” of the models and it seems to generate results of GLM (i.e. “glm.nb” function). This bug of software has not been ever reported as far as the authors know and may occur only between “glmmadmb” and “dredge”. The “dredge” might work properly in “glmmML” and “lmer”.The authors found that their data in the paper were analyzed by GLM not GLMM accidentally. Authors re-analyzed the same data set using GLMM (“glmmadmb”) and “model.sel” function and they got different results from the published ones.

Type

Journal Article; Text

In AGRIS since: 2024-02-27

Format: MODS

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DOI DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2015.09.005

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RETRACTION:Impact of anthropogenic disturbance on the density and activity pattern of deer evaluated with respect to spatial scale-dependency

2016

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Bibliographic information