Rhodiola crenulate alleviates hypobaric hypoxia-induced brain injury via adjusting NF-κB/NLRP3-mediated inflammation

Rhodiola crenulate (R. crenulate), a famous Tibetan medicine, has been demonstrated to possess superiorly protective effects in high-altitude hypoxic brain injury (HHBI). However, its mechanisms on HHBI are still largely unknown. Herein, the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of R. crenulate on HHBI of BABL/c mice were explored through in vivo experiments. The mice model of HHBI was established using an animal hypobaric and hypoxic chamber. R. crenulate extract (RCE) (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g/kg) was given by gavage for 7 days. Pathological changes and neuronal viability of mice hippocampus and cortex were evaluated using H&E and Nissl staining, respectively. The brain water content (BWC) in mice was determined by calculating the ratio of dry to wet weight of brain tissue. And serum of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH-Px) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were detected via commercial biochemical kits. Synchronously, the contents of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), lactic acid (LA), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), pyruvate kinase (PK), Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATPcase, Na⁺-K⁺-ATPcase, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in brain tissue were quantitative analysis by corresponding ELISA assay. Subsequently, NLRP3, ZO-1, claudin-5, occluding, p-p65, p65, ASC, cleaved-caspase-1, caspase-1 and IL-18 were determined by immunofluorescent and western blot analyses. The results demonstrated that RCE remarkably alleviated pathological damage, BWC, as well enhanced neuronal viability. Furthermore, the oxidative stress injuries were reversely abrogated after RCE treatment, evidenced by the increases of SOD, GSH-Px and T-AOC, while the decreases of MDA and LDH contents. Marvelously, the administration of RCE rectified and balanced the abnormal energy metabolism via elevating the levels of ATP, SDH, PK, Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATPcase and Na⁺-K⁺-ATPcase, and lowering LA. Simultaneously, the expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, claudin-5 and occludin) was enhanced, illustrating RCE treatment might maintain the integrity of blood-brain barrier (BBB). Additionally, RCE treatment confined the contents of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α, and attenuated fluorescent signal of NLRP3 protein. Concurrently, the results of western blot indicated that RCE treatment dramatically restrained p-p65/p65, ASC, NLRP3, cleaved-caspase-1/caspase-1 and IL-18 protein expressions in brain tissues of mice. RCE may afford a protectively intervention in HHBI of mice through suppressing the oxidative stress, improving energy metabolism and the integrity of BBB, and subsiding inflammatory responses via the NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway. As a promising agent for the treatment of mice HHBI, the deep-crossing molecular mechanisms of R. crenulate still needs to be further elucidated to identify novel core hub targets.