Chemical characteristics and source apportionment of PM2.5 using PCA/APCS, UNMIX, and PMF at an urban site of Delhi, India
2017
Jain, Srishti | Sharma, Sudhir Kumar | Choudhary, Nikki | Masiwal, Renu | Saxena, Mohit | Sharma, Ashima | Mandal, Tuhin Kumar | Gupta, Anshu | Gupta, Naresh Chandra | Sharma, C. (Chhemendra)
The present study investigated the comprehensive chemical composition [organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water-soluble inorganic ionic components (WSICs), and major & trace elements] of particulate matter (PM₂.₅) and scrutinized their emission sources for urban region of Delhi. The 135 PM₂.₅ samples were collected from January 2013 to December 2014 and analyzed for chemical constituents for source apportionment study. The average concentration of PM₂.₅ was recorded as 121.9 ± 93.2 μg m⁻³ (range 25.1–429.8 μg m⁻³), whereas the total concentration of trace elements (Na, Ca, Mg, Al, S, Cl, K, Cr, Si, Ti, As, Br, Pb, Fe, Zn, and Mn) was accounted for ∼17% of PM₂.₅. Strong seasonal variation was observed in PM₂.₅ mass concentration and its chemical composition with maxima during winter and minima during monsoon seasons. The chemical composition of the PM₂.₅ was reconstructed using IMPROVE equation, which was observed to be in good agreement with the gravimetric mass. Source apportionment of PM₂.₅ was carried out using the following three different receptor models: principal component analysis with absolute principal component scores (PCA/APCS), which identified five major sources; UNMIX which identified four major sources; and positive matrix factorization (PMF), which explored seven major sources. The applied models were able to identify the major sources contributing to the PM₂.₅ and re-confirmed that secondary aerosols (SAs), soil/road dust (SD), vehicular emissions (VEs), biomass burning (BB), fossil fuel combustion (FFC), and industrial emission (IE) were dominant contributors to PM₂.₅ in Delhi. The influences of local and regional sources were also explored using 5-day backward air mass trajectory analysis, cluster analysis, and potential source contribution function (PSCF). Cluster and PSCF results indicated that local as well as long-transported PM₂.₅ from the north-west India and Pakistan were mostly pertinent.
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