The Screening of River Water for Immunotoxicity Using an In Vitro Whole Blood Culture Assay
2009
Pool, Edmund J. | Magcwebeba, Tandeka U.
The acquired immunity consists of two pathways namely the humoral immunity that defends the host against extracellular pathogens such as bacteria and the cell-mediated immunity that defends the host against intracellular pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and viruses and also against cancers. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of river water collected from pristine and contaminated sites along the Eerste River, South Africa on inflammation, humoral and acquired immune pathways. Hydrophobic extracts were prepared from water collected at contaminated and pristine sites. Inflammatory activity was determined by measuring interleukin (IL)-6 levels synthesized by whole blood after incubation with the extracts. For determining the effects on acquired immunity, phytohemagglutinin stimulated whole blood from healthy volunteers was incubated with extracts. The effect on humoral immunity was determined using IL-10 as biomarker, while interferon-gamma was used as biomarker for cell-mediated immunity. The results obtained show that water from the sites downstream from human activity induced IL-6, a biomarker of inflammation. Extracts collected from a site downstream from an informal housing settlement suppressed biomarkers of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Water from sites impacted by human activity can potentially suppress the acquired immune system and this can pose a health risk to people using this water source. Studies must be done to investigate the long-term effects of the contaminated water on animals in vivo.
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