Clostridium botulinum type D intoxication in a dairy herd in Ontario
2003
Martin, Sarah
Thirty-four Holstein cows died after exposure to Clostridium botulinum type D toxin, presumably from contaminated haylage. The presence of type D toxin in ruminal contents was confirmed by mouse inoculation. This is the first confirmation by direct toxin isolation of C. botulinum type D toxin in cattle in North America.
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