Mechanism-based approaches to medicinal plant mediated treatment of inflammatory disorders: A review
2022
Agarwal, Happy | Shanmugam, Venkat Kumar
Inflammation is a protective response of the body against physical injury and infections, however, its prolong activation leads to inflammatory disorders like rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, chronic bronchitis, glomerulonephritis, and many others. Cells like mast cells and macrophages easily identify inflammatory triggers and release pro-inflammatory cytokines which further assist in leukocyte recruitment to the site of injury and activation of inflammatory pathways. Leukocytes circulating in bloodstream migrate to the site of injury with a principal aim of abolishing the main inflammatory trigger. Pro-inflammatory mediators secreted by macrophages like cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukins (IL-1, IL-8, IL-12), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and are involved in upregulating the inflammatory reaction cascade. The review provides an overview of inflammation reaction cascade starting from leukocyte recruitment to the damaged site and role of various inflammatory mediators in upregulating, sustaining the inflammatory response. It discusses the role of p-selectin, intracellular cell adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1) in leukocyte rolling and extravasation, the role of nitric oxides and free radicals, the role of protein kinases and role of glucocorticoid receptors in inflammatory pathway regulation. It also details about various checkpoints used by plant-based phytoconstituents like nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway and COX-2 enzyme for drug discovery in detail.
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