A social-ecological-technological systems framework for urban ecosystem services
2022
McPhearson, Timon | Cook, Elizabeth M. | Berbés-Blázquez, Marta | Cheng, Chingwen | Grimm, Nancy B. | Andersson, Erik | Barbosa, O. (Olga) | Chandler, David G. | Chang, Heejun | Chester, Mikhail V. | Childers, Daniel L. | Elser, Stephen R. | Frantzeskaki, Niki | Grabowski, Zbigniew | Groffman, Peter | Hale, Rebecca L. | Iwaniec, David M. | Kabisch, Nadja | Kennedy, Christopher | Markolf, Samuel A. | Matsler, A Marissa | McPhillips, Lauren E. | Miller, Thaddeus R. | Muñoz-Erickson, Tischa A. | Rosi, Emma | Troxler, Tiffany G.
As rates of urbanization and climatic change soar, decision-makers are increasingly challenged to provide innovative solutions that simultaneously address climate change impacts and risks and inclusively ensure quality of life for urban residents. Cities have turned to nature-based solutions to help address these challenges. Nature-based solutions, through the provision of ecosystem services, can yield numerous benefits for people and address multiple challenges simultaneously. Yet, efforts to mainstream nature-based solutions are impaired by the complexity of the interacting social, ecological, and technological dimensions of urban systems. This complexity must be understood and managed to ensure ecosystem-service provisioning is effective, equitable, and resilient. Here, we provide a social-ecological-technological system (SETS) framework that builds on decades of urban ecosystem services research to better understand four core challenges associated with urban nature-based solutions: multi-functionality, systemic valuation, scale mismatch of ecosystem services, and inequity and injustice. The framework illustrates the importance of coordinating natural, technological, and socio-economic systems when designing, planning, and managing urban nature-based solutions to enable optimal social-ecological outcomes.
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