Factors controlling denitrification rates in upland and swamp forests

Spatial patterns of denitrification and temporal variation in the factors controlling this process were studied in three forested ecosystems in northern Lower Michigan. Two forest stands were randomly located within each of two well-drained upland forests (sugar maple--red oak/Maianthemum and sugar maple--basswood/Osmorhiza ecosystems) and one swamp ecosystem (silver maple--red maple/Osmunda ecosystem). Potential N mineralization, nitrification, and microbial respiration were measured in each forest stand using a 33-week laboratory incubation. Factors controlling denitrification were investigated in each ecosystem by treating soil samples with factorial combinations of NO3(-1), C, and Ar (anaerobic conditions). We also investigated the separate production of N2 and N2O during denitrification, and the factors controlling these fluxes, in a different experiment. Seasonal patterns of denitrification were quantified using an intact soil core method. Potential nitrification and microbial respiration were consistently highest in the swamp forest and lowest in the sugar maple--red oak/Maianthemum ecosystem (582 vs. 3 micrograms NO3(-1)-N.g-1 and 5275 vs. 1254 micrograms CO2-C.g-1, respectively). Nitrate availability was the most important factor controlling denitrification in the swamp ecosystem, whereas increased soil water content resulted in the greatest response in the upland forests. Although NO3(-1) significantly increased denitrification in the upland ecosystems, water additions elicited an even greater response. In addition, N2O production in the upland forests accounted for 70 to 90% of the total gaseous N loss; N2O accounted for only 25% of this loss in the swamp forest. Mean denitrification (intact soil cores) in the sugar maple - red oak/Maianthemum ecosystem (12 micrograms N2O-N.m-2.d-1) was significantly lower than rates measured in the sugar maple--basswood/ Osmorhiza and silver maple--red maple/Osmunda ecosystems (24 and 39 micrograms N2O-N.m-2.d-1, respectively). Denitrification reached a maximum during June and July in the sugar maple--basswood/Osmorhiza ecosystem, whereas peaks occurred in May and September in the silver maple--red maple/Osmunda ecosystem. Denitrification in the sugar maple--red oak/Maianthemum forest was variable throughout the year and consistently low. Although variability was high, results suggest that denitrification and the factors controlling this process can be predicted using the spatial distribution of ecosystems.