Chromatographic Methods for Metabolite Profiling of Virus- and Phytoplasma-Infected Plants of Echinacea purpurea
2011
Pellati, Federica | Epifano, Francesco | Contaldo, Nicoletta | Orlandini, Giulia | Cavicchi, Lisa | Genovese, Salvatore | Bertelli, Davide | Benvenuti, Stefania | Curini, Massimo | Bertaccini, Assunta | Bellardi, Maria Grazia
This study was focused on the effects of virus and phytoplasma infections on the production of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench secondary metabolites, such as caffeic acid derivatives, alkamides, and essential oil. The identification of caffeic acid derivatives and alkamides was carried out by means of high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection (HPLC-DAD), HPLC–electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and MS2. Quantitative analysis of these compounds was carried out using HPLC-DAD. The results indicated that the presence of the two pathogens significantly decreases (P < 0.05) the content of cichoric acid, the main caffeic acid derivative. Regarding the main alkamide, dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10E/Z-tetraenoic acid isobutylamide, a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the content of this secondary metabolite was observed in virus-infected plants in comparison with healthy plants, while in the phytoplasma-infected sample the variation of this secondary metabolite was not appreciable. The % relative area of the E/Z isomers of this alkamide was also found to change in infected samples. The gas chromatography (GC) and GC-MS analysis of E. purpurea essential oil enabled the identification of 30 compounds. The main significant differences (P < 0.05) in the semiquantitative composition were observed for three components: limonene, cis-verbenol, and verbenone. The results indicate that the presence of virus and phytoplasma has an appreciable influence on the content of E. purpurea secondary metabolites, which is an important issue in defining the commercial quality, market value, and therapeutic efficacy of this herbal drug.
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