Triangular nexus between foreign direct investment, international tourism, and energy consumption in the Chinese economy: accounting for environmental quality
2019
Udemba, Edmund Ntom
Recently, China is named among the most carbon dioxide (CO₂)-emitting countries in the world after the United State of America (USA). A major part of Chinese carbon dioxide emissions is as a result of offshore industrial activities which come into the economy as foreign direct investment (FDI). Following this, the present study seeks to investigate the nexus between CO₂ emissions, FDI, energy use, and tourism arrivals, and possibly to advise on who will bear the responsibility of offshore CO₂ emissions. Utilizing ARDL-bound testing and Granger causality approaches for both short- and long-run effects the author found that economic growth (GDP) has a positive relationship with both tourism arrivals, energy use, FDI, and CO₂.This contributes to heavy CO₂ emissions which the author classified as the outsourced/offshore CO₂emissions in China’s FDI. Tourism arrivals have a bi-directional (feedback) causal relationship with energy use and a uni-directional causal relationship with CO₂(transmitting from tourism to CO₂). Both FDI and energy use have a bi-directional (feedback) causal relationship; CO₂, energy use, and tourism arrivals have a unidirectional relationship with GDP which established the triangular nexus causality among the variables and the impact on GDP. Hence, the policy implication should be geared towards implementing the policies and regulations that will checkmate and reduce the excesses of foreign firms to the environment quality of China and promote environmentally friendly economic activities.
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