Decomposition of 3,5-dinitrobenzamide in aqueous solution during UV/H2O2 and UV/TiO2 oxidation processes
2017
Yan, Yingjie | Liao, Qi-Nan | Ji, Feng | Wang, Wei | Yuan, Shoujun | Hu, Zhen-Hu
3,5-Dinitrobenzamide has been widely used as a feed additive to control coccidiosis in poultry, and part of the added 3,5-dinitrobenzamide is excreted into wastewater and surface water. The removal of 3,5-dinitrobenzamide from wastewater and surface water has not been reported in previous studies. Highly reactive hydroxyl radicals from UV/hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and UV/titanium dioxide (TiO₂) advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) can decompose organic contaminants efficiently. In this study, the decomposition of 3,5-dinitrobenzamide in aqueous solution during UV/H₂O₂ and UV/TiO₂ oxidation processes was investigated. The decomposition of 3,5-dinitrobenzamide fits well with a fluence-based pseudo-first-order kinetics model. The decomposition in both two oxidation processes was affected by solution pH, and was inhibited under alkaline conditions. Inorganic anions such as NO₃ ⁻, Cl⁻, SO₄ ²⁻, HCO₃ ⁻, and CO₃ ²⁻ inhibited the degradation of 3,5-dinitrobenzamide during the UV/H₂O₂ and UV/TiO₂ oxidation processes. After complete decomposition in both oxidation processes, approximately 50% of 3,5-dinitrobenzamide was decomposed into organic intermediates, and the rest was mineralized to CO₂, H₂O, and other inorganic anions. Ions such as NH₄ ⁺, NO₃ ⁻, and NO₂ ⁻ were released into aqueous solution during the degradation. The primary decomposition products of 3,5-dinitrobenzamide were identified using time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LCMS-IT-TOF). Based on these products and ions release, a possible decomposition pathway of 3,5-dinitrobenzamide in both UV/H₂O₂ and UV/TiO₂ processes was proposed.
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