Preconditioning with Azadirachta indica ameliorates cardiorenal dysfunction through reduction in oxidative stress and extracellular signal regulated protein kinase signalling

Azadirachta indica is widely distributed in Africa, Asia and other tropical parts of the world. A. indica (AI) is traditionally used for the treatment of several conditions including cancer, hypertension, heart diseases and skin disorders. Intestinal ischaemia-reperfusion is a common pathway for many diseases and may lead to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and death.In this study, we investigated the ameliorative effects of AI on intestinal ischaemia-reperfusion injury-induced cardiorenal dysfunction.Sixty rats were divided into 6 groups; each containing 10. Corn oil was orally administered to group A (control) rats for 7 days without intestinal ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Group B underwent intestinal ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IIRI) without any pre-treatment. Groups C, D, E and F were pre-treated orally for 7 days with 100 mg/kg AI (100 and (200 mg/kg) vitamin C (100 and 200 mg/kg) respectively and thereafter underwent IIRI on the 8th day.The cardiac and renal hydrogen peroxide increased significantly whereas serum xanthine oxidase and myeloperoxidase levels were significantly elevated (p < 0.05) in IIRI only when compared to the control. The cardiac and renal reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, protein thiol, non-protein thiol and serum nitric oxide (NO) decreased (p < 0.05) significantly following IIRI. Immunohistochemical evaluation of cardiac and renal tissues showed reduced expressions of the extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK1/2) in rats with IIRI only. However, pre-treatment with A. indica and vitamin C significantly reduced markers of oxidative stress and inflammation together with improvement in antioxidant status. Also, reduced serum NO level was normalised in rats pre-treated with A. indica and vitamin C with concomitant higher expressions of cardiac and renal ERK1/2.Together, A. indica and vitamin C prevented IRI-induced cardiorenal dysfunction via reduction in oxidative stress, improvement in antioxidant defence system and increase in the ERK1/2 expressions. Therefore, A. indica can be a useful chemopreventive agent in the prevention and treatment of conditions associated with intestinal ischaemia-reperfusion injury.