The climatic debt is growing in the understorey of temperate forests: Stand characteristics matter
2021
Richard, Benoit | Dupouey, Jean-Luc | Corcket, Emmanuel | Alard, Didier | Archaux, Frédéric | Aubert, Michaël | Boulanger, Vincent | Gillet, François | Langlois, Estelle | Macé, Sébastien | Montpied, Pierre | Beaufils, Thérèse | Begeot, Carole | Behr, Patrick | Boissier, Jean‐michel | Camaret, Sylvaine | Chevalier, Richard | Decocq, Guillaume | Dumas, Yann | Eynard‐machet, Richard | Gégout, Jean‐claude | Huet, Sandrine | Malécot, Valéry | Margerie, Pierre | Mouly, Arnaud | Paul, Thierry | Renaux, Benoît | Ruffaldi, Pascale | Spicher, Fabien | Thirion, Erwin | Ulrich, Erwin | Nicolas, Manuel | Lenoir, Jonathan, Roger Michel Henri | Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés - UMR CNRS 7058 UPJV (EDYSAN) ; Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) | Étude et compréhension de la biodiversité (ECODIV) ; Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN) ; Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU) | SILVA (SILVA) ; AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) | Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo) ; Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) | Ecosystèmes forestiers (UR EFNO) ; Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) | Recherche, développement et innovation (ONF-RDI) ; Office national des forêts (ONF) | Laboratoire Chrono-environnement (UMR 6249) (LCE) ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC) ; Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC) | Office national des forêts (ONF) | Ecosylve | UFR Lettres Langues et Sciences Humaines, Chambéry (LLSH) | Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]) | e-Sciences | Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (IRHS) ; Université d'Angers (UA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-INSTITUT AGRO Agrocampus Ouest ; Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro) | Conservatoire Botanique National du Massif Central (CBN) | Réseau national de suivi à long terme des écosytèmes forestiers (ONF-RENECOFOR) ; Recherche, développement et innovation (ONF-RDI) ; Office national des forêts (ONF)-Office national des forêts (ONF) | Office National des Forets, ONF | Ministry of Ecology | Agence de l'environnement et de la maitrise de l'energie, ADEME | European Commission | Gida Tarim Ve Hayvancilik Bakanligi
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Show more [+] Less [-]English. Aim. Climate warming reshuffles biological assemblages towards less cold-adapted but more warm-adapted species, a process coined thermophilization. However, the velocity at which this process is happening generally lags behind the velocity of climate change, generating a climatic debt the temporal dynamics of which remain misunderstood. Relying on high-resolution time series of vegetation data from a long-term monitoring network of permanent forest plots, we aim at quantifying the temporal dynamics – up to a yearly resolution – of the climatic debt in the understorey of temperate forests before identifying the key determinants that modulate it. Location. France. Time period. 1995–2017. Taxa studied. Vascular plants. Methods. We used the community temperature index (CTI) to produce a time series of understorey plant community thermophilization, which we subsequently compared to a time series of mean annual temperature changes over the same period and for the same sites. The direction and magnitude of the difference (i.e., the climatic debt) was finally analysed using linear mixed-effect models to assess the relative contributions of abiotic and biotic determinants, including forest stand characteristics. Results. We found a significant increase in CTI values over time (0.08–0.09 °C/decade), whereas the velocity of mean annual temperature changes was three times higher over the same period (0.22–0.28 °C/decade). Hence, the climatic debt increased over time and was greater in forest stands with higher basal area or older trees as well as under warmer macroclimate. By contrast, a greater frequency of anthropogenic disturbances decreased the climatic debt, while natural disturbances and herbivory had no impact. Conclusions. Although often overlooked in understanding the climatic debt of forest biodiversity, changes in forest stand characteristics may modulate the climatic debt by locally modifying microclimatic conditions. Notably, the buffering effect of the upper canopy layer implies microclimate dynamics that may provide more time for understorey plant communities to locally adapt.
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