A molecular phylogeny and revised higher-level classification for the leaf-mining moth family Gracillariidae and its implications for larval host-use evolution
2017
Kawahara, Akito Y. | Plotkin, David | Ohshima, Issei | Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos | Houlihan, Peter R. | Breinholt, Jesse W. | Kawakita, Atsushi | Xiao, Lei | Regier, Jerome C. | Davis, Donald R. | Kumata, Tosio | Sohn, Jae-Cheon | de Prins, Jurate | Mitter, Charles | Florida Museum of Natural History [Gainesville] ; University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF) | Department of Entomology and Nematology ; University of California [Davis] (UC Davis) ; University of California (UC)-University of California (UC) | Kyoto Prefectural University (KPU) | Unité de recherche Zoologie Forestière (URZF) ; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) | Institut de recherche sur la biologie de l'insecte (IRBI) ; Université de Tours (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) | Department of Biology ; Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff] | Center for Ecological Research ; Kyoto University | Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research ; University of Maryland [College Park] (UMD) ; University System of Maryland-University System of Maryland | Department of Entomology ; Michigan State University [East Lansing] ; Michigan State University System-Michigan State University System | Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History ; Smithsonian Institution | Hokkaido University Museum ; Hokkaido University [Sapporo, Japan] | Department of Environmental Education ; Mokpo National University [Mokpo, South Korea]
Gracillariidae are one of the most diverse families of internally feeding insects, and many species are economically important. Study of this family has been hampered by lack of a robust and comprehensive phylogeny. In the present paper, we sequenced up to 22 genes in 96 gracillariid species, representing all previously recognized subfamilies and genus groups, plus 20 outgroups representing other families and superfamilies. Following objective identification and removal of two rogue taxa, two datasets were constructed: dataset 1, which included 12 loci totalling 9927 bp for 94 taxa, and dataset 2, which supplemented dataset 1 with 10 additional loci for 10 taxa, for a total of 22 loci and 16 167 bp. Maximum likelihood analyses strongly supported the monophyly of Gracillariidae and most previously recognized subfamilies and genus groups. On this basis, we propose a new classification consisting of eight subfamilies, four of which are newly recognized or resurrected: Acrocercopinae Kawahara & Ohshima subfam. n.; Gracillariinae Stainton; Lithocolletinae Stainton; Marmarinae Kawahara & Ohshima subfam. n.; Oecophyllembiinae Real & Balachowsky; Parornichinae Kawahara & Ohshima subfam. n.; Ornixolinae Kuznetzov & Baryshnikova stat. rev.; and Phyllocnistinae Zeller. The subfamily Gracillariinae is restricted to the monophyletic group comprising GracillariaHaworth and closely related genera. We also formally transfer Acrocercops scriptulataMeyrick to Ornixolinae and use the name DiphtheroptilaVari, creating Diphtheroptila scriptulatacomb. n. An exploratory mapping of larval host-use traits on the phylogeny shows strong conservation of modes of leaf mining but much higher lability of associations with host plant orders and families, suggesting that host shifts could play a significant role in gracillariid diversification. This published work has been registered in ZooBank, .
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