Carotenoids, retinol, tocopherols, and prostate cancer risk: pooled analysis of 15 studies
2015
Key, Timothy J. | Appleby, Paul N. | Travis, Ruth C. | Albanes, Demetrius | Alberg, Anthony J. | Barricarte, Aurelio | Black, Amanda | Boeing, Heiner | Bueno-De-Mesquita, H. Bas | Chan, June M. | Chen, Chu | Cook, Michael B. | Donovan, Jenny L. | Galan, Maria del Pilar | Gilbert, Rebecca | Giles, Graham G. | Giovannucci, Edward | Goodman, Gary E. | Goodman, Phyllis J. | Gunter, Marc J. | Hamdy, Freddie C. | Heliövaara, Markku | Helzlsouer, Kathy J. | Henderson, Brian E. | Hercberg, Serge | Hoffman-Bolton, Judy | Hoover, Robert N. | Johansson, Mattias | Khaw, Kay-Tee | King, Irena B. | Knekt, Paul | Kolonel, Laurence N. | Le Marchand, Loïc | Männistö, Satu | Martin, Richard M. | Meyer, Haakon E. | Mondul, Alison M. | Moy, Kristin A. | Neal, David E. | Neuhouser, Marian L. | Palli, Domenico | Platz, Elizabeth A. | Pouchieu, Camille | Rissanen, Harri | Schenk, Jeannette M. | Severi, Gianluca | Stampfer, Meir J. | Tjønneland, Anne | Touvier, Mathilde | Trichopoulou, Antonia | Weinstein, Stephanie J. | Ziegler, Regina G. | Zhou, Cindy Ke | Allen, Naomi E. | Nuffield Department of Population Health - Cancer Epidemiology Unit ; University of Oxford | Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics ; National Cancer Institute [Bethesda] (NCI-NIH) ; National Institutes of Health [Bethesda, MD, USA] (NIH)-National Institutes of Health [Bethesda, MD, USA] (NIH) | Department of Epidemiology ; The Netherlands Cancer Institute | Medical University of South Carolina [Charleston] (MUSC) | Navarra Public Health Institute | Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública = Consortium for Biomedical Research of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP) | Department of Epidemiology ; German Institute of Human Nutrition | National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven] (RIVM) | Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology ; University Medical Centre | School of Public Health ; Imperial College London | University of California [San Francisco] (UC San Francisco) ; University of California (UC) | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center [Seattle] (FHCRC) | School of Social and Community Medicine ; School of Social and Community Medicine | Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistique Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS (U1153 / UMR_A_1125 / UMR_S_1153)) ; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) | Cancer Epidemiology Centre ; Cancer Council Victoria | Harvard School of Public Health | Brigham and Women's Hospital [Boston] | University of Washington [Seattle] | University of Oxford | National Institute of Health and Welfare | Prevention and Research Center ; Mercy Medical Center | University of Southern California (USC) | Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health [Baltimore] ; Johns Hopkins University (JHU) | International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) | Umeå University = Umeå Universitet | Department of Public Health and Primary Care ; University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM)-Institute of Public Health | The University of New Mexico [Albuquerque] ; New Mexico Consortium (NMC) | Cancer Center ; Massachusetts General Hospital [Boston] | Medical Research Council | National Institute for Health Research (NHS) | University of Oslo (UiO) | Norwegian institute for public health | Department of Oncology ; University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM) | Istituto per lo Studio e la Prevezione Oncologica ; Partenaires INRAE | Cancer Prevention Program ; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center [Seattle] (FHCRC) | Institute of Cancer Epidemiology ; The Danish Cancer Society | Hellenic Health Foundation | Bureau of Epidemiologic Research ; Academy of Athens
International audience
Show more [+] Less [-]English. Background: Individual studies have suggested that circulating carotenoids, retinol, or tocopherols may be associated with prostate cancer risk, but the studies have not been large enough to provide precise estimates of associations, particularly by stage and grade of disease. Objective: The objective of this study was to conduct a pooled analysis of the associations of the concentrations of 7 carotenoids, retinol, alpha-tocopherol, and gamma-tocopherol with risk of prostate cancer and to describe whether any associations differ by stage or grade of the disease or other factors. Design: Principal investigators of prospective studies provided individual participant data for prostate cancer cases and controls. Risk by study-specific fifths of each biomarker was estimated by using multivariable-adjusted conditional logistic regression in matched case-control sets. Results: Data were available for up to 11,239 cases (including 1654 advanced stage and 1741 aggressive) and 18,541 controls from 15 studies. Lycopene was not associated with overall risk of prostate cancer, but there was statistically significant heterogeneity by stage of disease, and the OR for aggressive disease for the highest compared with the lowest fifth of lycopene was 0.65 (95% CI: 0.46, 0.91; P-trend = 0.032). No other carotenoid was significantly associated with overall risk of prostate cancer or with risk of advanced-stage or aggressive disease. For retinol, the OR for the highest compared with the lowest fifth was 1.13 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.22; P-trend = 0.015). For alpha-tocopherol, the OR for the highest compared with the lowest fifth was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.78, 0.94; P-trend < 0.001), with significant heterogeneity by stage of disease; the OR for aggressive prostate cancer was 0.74 (95% CI: 0.59, 0.92; P-trend = 0.001). gamma-Tocopherol was not associated with risk. Conclusions: Overall prostate cancer risk was positively associated with retinol and inversely associated with alpha-tocopherol, and risk of aggressive prostate cancer was inversely associated with lycopene and alpha-tocopherol. Whether these associations reflect causal relations is unclear.
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