Determinación de la calidad del aire en el municipio de Yumbo - Valle del Cauca mediante el monitoreo de líquenes como bioindicadores.

Este proyecto fue realizado en el municipio de Yumbo – Valle del Cauca con el fin de proponer una alternativa que evidencie el grado de afectación en el que se encuentran diferentes zonas por la contaminación atmosférica donde se analizó el uso de los líquenes como bioindicadores de la calidad del aire. Se planteó una comparación entre dos áreas, la primera comprende el casco urbano e industrial del Municipio de Yumbo, recibiendo influencia del alto flujo vehicular, la segunda se conoce como el corregimiento de Mulalo y se determinó como la zona de conservación La primera área de estudio fue subdividida en tres zonas, las cuales fueron denominadas con varios nombres de acuerdo a las estaciones de monitoreo distribuidas por el Municipio, estas son las estaciones ACOPI, ECA Yumbo y Las Américas. En esta área se llevó a cabo el muestreo de 21 forófitos en total, con 7 forófitos por zona y para el área 2 se muestrearon 15 forófitos, para cada uno de los cuales se realizó el conteo de cobertura liquénica por medio de una plantilla de 20 cm de ancho por 30 cm de largo y una cuadricula de 1 cm; los forófitos seleccionados para realizar el muestreo debían cumplir ciertas características como un DAP ≥ 20 cm, una inclinación no mayor a los 20° y una exposición a los rayos del sol para el crecimiento de los líquenes. De esta manera se logró realizar la determinación de la calidad del aire, por medio del cálculo del índice de pureza atmosférica (IPA) y del factor de clasificación ambiental (FCA). De acuerdo con las especies de líquenes encontradas en los sitios de muestreo se logró realizar un listado taxonómico de especies determinadas a través de la observación y análisis de sus características morfológicas. En definitiva, a través de la realización de esta investigación se logró demostrar que los líquenes son una gran alternativa para la determinación de la contaminación atmosférica, que de manera sencilla y ecológica se puede indicar el grado de afectación en la que se encuentra un área, como se pudo observar en las zonas estudiadas en donde la influencia del alto flujo vehicular e industrial, reducían la presencia de los líquenes, establecidos como bioindicadores por su sensibilidad a la contaminación atmosférica.

This project was carried out in the municipality of Yumbo - Valle del Cauca in order to propose an alternative that evidences the degree of affectation in which different areas are found due to air pollution where the use of lichens as quality bioindicators was analyzed. from air. A comparison was made between two areas, the first one includes the urban and industrial center of the Municipality of Yumbo, receiving influence from the high vehicular flow, the second is known as the Mulalo district and was determined as the conservation zone The first study area was subdivided into three zones, which were named by several names according to the monitoring stations distributed by the Municipality, these are the ACOPI, ECA Yumbo and Las Américas stations. In this area, a total of 21 forófitos were sampled, with 7 forófitos per zone and for area 2 15 forófitos were sampled, for each of which the liquid coverage count was performed by means of a staff of 20 cm wide by 30 cm long and a grid of 1 cm; the forófitos selected to realize the sampling had to fulfill certain characteristics like a DAP ≥ 20 cm, an inclination no greater than 20 ° and an exhibition to the rays of the sun for the growth of the lichen. In this way, the determination of air quality was achieved through the calculation of the atmospheric purity index (IPA) and the environmental classification factor (FCA). According to the lichen species found in the sampling sites, a taxonomic list of specific species was achieved through the observation and analysis of their morphological characteristics. Ultimately, through the conduct of this research it was possible to demonstrate that lichens are a great alternative for the arrest of air pollution, that in a simple and ecological way you can indicate the degree of affectation in which an area such as It was observed in the studied areas where the influence of high vehicular and industrial flow reduced the presence of lichens, established as bioindicators because of their sensitivity to air pollution.

ABSTRACT / INTRODUCCION / TÍTULO / DESCRIPCIÓN DEL PROBLEMA / JUSTIFICACIÓN / OBJETIVOS / OBJETIVO GENERAL / OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS / MARCO REFERENCIAL / 1. Marco teórico / 2. Marco conceptual / 3. Marco Normativo / ESTADO DEL ARTE / METODOLOGÍA / ETAPA 1: Determinación taxonómica de los líquenes presentes en el municipio de Yumbo a través de sus características morfológicas / ETAPA 2: Calcular el índice de pureza atmosférica (IPA), y el factor de clasificación ambiental (FCA) / ETAPA 3: Comparar los cálculos del índice de pureza atmosférica (IPA), y el factor de clasificación ambiental (FCA) entre una zona afectada por la contaminación y una zona conservada del municipio de Yumbo / RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN / CONCLUSIONES / RECOMENDACIONES / REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS / ANEXOS /

This project was carried out in the municipality of Yumbo - Valle del Cauca in order to propose an alternative that evidences the degree of affectation in which different areas are found due to air pollution where the use of lichens as quality bioindicators was analyzed. from air. A comparison was made between two areas, the first one includes the urban and industrial center of the Municipality of Yumbo, receiving influence from the high vehicular flow, the second is known as the Mulalo district and was determined as the conservation zone The first study area was subdivided into three zones, which were named by several names according to the monitoring stations distributed by the Municipality, these are the ACOPI, ECA Yumbo and Las Américas stations. In this area, a total of 21 forófitos were sampled, with 7 forófitos per zone and for area 2 15 forófitos were sampled, for each of which the liquid coverage count was performed by means of a staff of 20 cm wide by 30 cm long and a grid of 1 cm; the forófitos selected to realize the sampling had to fulfill certain characteristics like a DAP ≥ 20 cm, an inclination no greater than 20 ° and an exhibition to the rays of the sun for the growth of the lichen. In this way, the determination of air quality was achieved through the calculation of the atmospheric purity index (IPA) and the environmental classification factor (FCA). According to the lichen species found in the sampling sites, a taxonomic list of specific species was achieved through the observation and analysis of their morphological characteristics. Ultimately, through the conduct of this research it was possible to demonstrate that lichens are a great alternative for the arrest of air pollution, that in a simple and ecological way you can indicate the degree of affectation in which an area such as It was observed in the studied areas where the influence of high vehicular and industrial flow reduced the presence of lichens, established as bioindicators because of their sensitivity to air pollution. Keywords: air pollution, atmospheric purity index, environmental classification factor, categorization, lichens, bioindicators.