Monitoring Early Glycolytic Flux Alterations Following Radiotherapy in Cancer and Immune Cells: Hyperpolarized Carbon-13 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
2021
Ying-Chieh Lai | Ching-Yi Hsieh | Kuan-Ying Lu | Cheng-Hsuan Sung | Hung-Yao Ho | Mei-Ling Cheng | Albert P. Chen | Shu-Hang Ng | Fang-Hsin Chen | Gigin Lin
Alterations in metabolism following radiotherapy affect therapeutic efficacy, although the mechanism underlying such alterations is unclear. A new imaging technique—named dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) carbon-13 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)—probes the glycolytic flux in a real-time, dynamic manner. The [1-<sup>13</sup>C]pyruvate is transported by the monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) into cells and converted into [1-<sup>13</sup>C]lactate by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). To capture the early glycolytic alterations in the irradiated cancer and immune cells, we designed a preliminary DNP <sup>13</sup>C-MRI study by using hyperpolarized [1-<sup>13</sup>C]pyruvate to study human FaDu squamous carcinoma cells, HMC3 microglial cells, and THP-1 monocytes before and after irradiation. The pyruvate-to-lactate conversion rate (<i>k</i><sub>PL</sub> [Pyr.]) calculated by kinetic modeling was used to evaluate the metabolic alterations. Western blotting was performed to assess the expressions of LDHA, LDHB, MCT1, and MCT4 proteins. Following irradiation, the pyruvate-to-lactate conversion rates on DNP <sup>13</sup>C-MRI were significantly decreased in the FaDu and the HMC3 cells but increased in the THP-1 cells. Western blot analysis confirmed the similar trends in LDHA and LDHB expression levels. In conclusion, DNP <sup>13</sup>C-MRI non-invasively captured the different glycolytic alterations among cancer and immune systems in response to irradiation, implying its potential for clinical use in the future.
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