Long-Term Organic Amendments Combined with Nitrogen Fertilization Regulates Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration in Calcareous Soil

Organic amendments have been widely confirmed to support soil health and agricultural sustainability. However, the effects and mechanisms of long-term organic amendments combined with chemical fertilizers on soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration and soil macroaggregate formation are still unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the interaction between soil carbon sequestration and soil agglomeration after 12 years of fertilization. Seven treatments within a field experiment were selected to conduct the research, including nitrogen (N) application by farmers, optimized N management, biochar and/or straw, manure, compost or biogas residue plus optimized N management. The results showed that the addition of organic materials significantly enhanced the SOC by 29.6–119.8% and 10.3–36.3% in 0–15 and 15–30 cm soil layers compared to N application by farmers, respectively. Meanwhile, the soil humus carbon pools in the 0–15 cm soil layer were increased by 14.7–205.2%, particularly humin carbon (HUC), which could be considered as a useful indicator of the soil carbon sequestration process. Among the organic materials, the addition of biochar was the most effective strategy due to its high aromatic carbon content that resisted biodegradation. The addition of organic materials also improved the soil labile carbon fractions, and the contents of microbial biomass carbon (MBC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC) and KMnO₄-oxidizable carbon (ROC) were enhanced by 120.5%, 92.3%, 217.2% and 85.5% on average, respectively, and the amount of exchangeable Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ cations and Fe and Al oxides in the soil increased significantly whilst the Na⁺ content declined in the 0–15 cm soil layer. These indicators showed a significant correlation with the mean weight diameter (MWD). Our results revealed that the addition of organic materials could be an effective management practice to promote soil carbon sequestration and soil macroaggregate formation in calcareous soil.