Precise Control and Prevention Methods for Whitefly in Greenhouse Vegetables
2024
Xiaoyan Dai | Qingcai Lin | Yan Liu | Ruijuan Wang | Long Su | Zhenjuan Yin | Shan Zhao | Feng Zhang | Hao Chen | Li Zheng | Yifan Zhai | Lisheng Zhang
<i>Trialeurodes vaporariorum</i> Westwood (greenhouse whitefly) are worldwide polyphagous pests of economic importance that damage solanaceous vegetables. Neonicotinoid pesticides and parasitoid <i>Encarsia formmosa</i> Gahan are the main management strategies applied worldwide, but precise control methods in greenhouse vegetables need to be developed to reduce the application amounts of pesticides and improve the suppression of whitefly populations. Therefore, we assessed the indoor acute toxicities and risk assessment of neonicotinoids for <i>T. vaporariorum</i> and <i>E. formosa</i> adults and pupae and compared the control effects of <i>E. formosa</i> and neonicotinoid acetamiprid. According to the acute toxicities results, most neonicotinoid insecticides were more toxic to <i>E. formosa</i> than <i>T. vaporariorum</i>, and pupae were much less susceptible than adults of both species. Moreover, acetamiprid had a low risk effect on <i>E. formosa</i>. Sole application of <i>E. formosa</i> and acetamiprid could effectively control <i>T. vaporariorum</i>, but their combined application resulted in antagonistic effects on the control of <i>T. vaporariorum</i>. The results showed that a combined application or sole use of <i>E. formosa</i> could reduce the use of insecticides, slow down the development of insecticide resistance in whiteflies, and improve the efficiency of controlling the growth of whitefly populations in greenhouse vegetable production.
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