The application of Trichoderma spp., an old but new useful fungus, in sustainable soil health intensification: A comprehensive strategy for addressing challenges

Trichoderma spp. represents a group of advantageous soil-borne microorganisms known for their capacity to enhance soil quality, facilitate plant growth, and serve as biocontrol agents against various plant diseases. Employing direct antagonism and competition, particularly within the rhizosphere, Trichoderma orchestrates microbial interactions, shaping the soil microbiome. This review comprehensively explores the potential applications and role of Trichoderma in soil for fostering sustainable agriculture. The initial focus is on how Trichoderma spp. contribute to plant growth and development, especially under biotic and abiotic stress conditions, and provide protection against plant pathogens. The article delves into diverse applications of Trichoderma species in agriculture, encompassing their use as biocontrol agents, biofertilizers, and seed treatments, collectively contributing to the sustainability of agricultural practices. A thorough examination of the advantages and challenges associated with Trichoderma utilization in agriculture is presented, including its impact on fungal and bacterial communities within the soil, crucial for safeguarding and preserving soil health. Notably, agricultural chemicals, including fungicides, pose a potential threat to Trichoderma species. Despite these challenges, the review highlights the numerous benefits of integrating Trichoderma spp. into agriculture, emphasizing its role in improving soil quality, enhancing agricultural productivity, and reducing reliance on chemical pesticides. The communication capabilities of Trichoderma with plants, whether through root colonization or acting as an endophyte, further solidify its potential as a biocontrol agent and plant growth promoter for diverse crop species. The safety, affordability, efficacy, and eco-friendly nature of Trichoderma spp. position them as a promising choice for sustainable agriculture expansion.