Pathotypes and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of <i>Escherichia Coli</i> Isolated from Wild Boar (<i>Sus scrofa</i>) in Tuscany

Wild boar are among the most widespread wild mammals in Europe. Although this species can act as a reservoir for different pathogens, data about its role as a carrier of pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant <i>Escherichia coli</i> are still scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant and pathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> in wild boar in the Tuscany region of Italy. During the hunting season of 2018–2019, <i>E. coli</i> was isolated from 175 of 200 animals and subjected to antimicrobial resistance tests and PCR for detection of resistance and virulence factor genes. The highest resistance rates were against cephalothin (94.3%), amoxicillin–clavulanic acid (87.4%), ampicillin (68.6%), and tetracycline (44.6%). The most detected resistance genes were <i>bla_CMY</i>_-2 (54.3%), <i>sul1</i> (38.9%), <i>sul2</i> (30.9%), and <i>tetG</i> (24.6%). Concerning genes encoding virulence factors, 55 of 175 isolates (31.4%) were negative for all tested genes. The most detected genes were <i>hlyA</i> (47.4%), <i>astA</i> (29.1%), <i>stx2</i> (24.6%), <i>eaeA</i> (17.1%), and <i>stx1</i> (11.4%). <i>E. coli</i> was classified as Shiga toxin-producing <i>E. coli</i> (STEC) (21.7%), enterohemorrhagic <i>E. coli</i> (EHEC) (6.3%), enteroaggregative <i>E. coli</i> (EAEC) (5.1%), and atypical enteropathogenic <i>E. coli</i> (aEPEC) (3.4%). Enterotoxigenic <i>E. coli</i> (ETEC), enteroinvasive <i>E. coli</i> (EIEC), and typical enteropathogenic <i>E. coli</i> (tEPEC) were not detected. Our results show that wild boars could carry pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant <i>E. coli</i>, representing a possible reservoir of domestic animal and human pathogens.