Exploring Photoreceptor Gene Expression and Seasonal Physiology in Mediterranean Swordfish (<i>Xiphias gladius</i>)

Mature and immature female swordfish show different gonadal expression patterns of melatonin synthesis-related and opsin genes, indicating that seasonality affects gonadal circadian genes, especially through opsin modulation. The high energy demands of reproduction may cause mature female swordfish to become more susceptible to environmental stressors/changes, potentially affecting their health post-reproduction. The modulation of melatonin and opsin expression may also influence swordfish biology, impacting basal metabolism and stress responses. This study aimed to investigate the hepatic expression patterns of genes involved in melatonin and opsins activity after the reproductive period, comparing mature and immature females. Liver samples of swordfish females, collected from the Central Adriatic Sea, were analyzed to evaluate the expression of a melatonin receptor (<i>mel1b</i>), acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase (<i>asmt</i>), opsins (<i>sws</i>, <i>VA opsin</i> and <i>opsin4</i>), and stress response (<i>sod1</i>, <i>sod2</i> and <i>hsp4b</i>) genes, while histological analysis focused on hepatic melanomacrophages, melanomacrophage centers, and lipid content. The expression of all genes analyzed did not differ between mature and immature females except for <i>sws</i>, which was significantly downregulated in mature females. The overall health conditions of mature and immature females appeared comparable, as suggested by the histological analysis and the absence of significant differences in the expression of stress response genes. Although the study used a limited number of samples and lacked a comparison between the reproductive and non-reproductive periods, the preliminary results suggest that opsins may play a role in modulating physiological processes beyond reproduction.