Long-term evaluation of the initiative 4‰ under different soil managements in Mediterranean olive groves

The 4‰initiative implementation has increased the emphasis and interest in soil carbon and nitrogen storage in the last few years. This study evaluated the dynamics of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen under rain-fed olive groves over a long-term period (2004–2019). The management practices associated with achieving the 4‰ initiative objectives and the depth of analysis to measure the effectiveness of the initiative have generated uncertainties andwide debate in the scientific community. To contribute to this debate froma farmlevel, the objective of this study was to analyse the effects of conventional tillage and no-tillage with bare soil by using herbicides (after landmanagement change fromconventional tillage) on carbon and nitrogen stocks in complete soil profiles (depth > 100 cm) over 15 years in a Mediterranean olive grove. Soil samples were collected from each farm and analysed for carbon content and physical-chemical characteristics. This study indicates that management practices evaluated resulted in soil organic carbon and total nitrogen contents decreasing in soil,with a reduction >30% in all horizons. Results highlight a significant depletion of soil organic carbon stock with a significant decarbonisation process (−1.8 Mg C ha−1 yr−1) and total nitrogen stock (−0.57 and − 0.41 Mg N ha−1 yr−1) on average under bothmanagements (no-tillage no tillage with herbicide and conventional tillage respectively) as compared to the initial situation. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that deep horizons are significant reservoirs of carbon (>50% in all cases) and inwoody crops, its analysis within the dynamics of soil organic carbon stocks proposed by the 4‰ initiative was relevant. With these results, no-tillage with bare soil by using herbicides was demonstrated as an unsustainable agricultural practice and it is proposed to change the current soil management to sustainable management that increases the C inputs to achieve the 4‰ targets.