Dual stress, equivalent harm? hypothesizing on the type of interactions between waterlogging and high temperature

Episodes of extreme weather, such as high temperatures and heavy rains causing waterlogging, have been becoming more frequent due to climate change, posing risks to crops and reducing growth and yield. While the impact of these stresses has been individually studied, there is a significant gap in understanding their combined effects within the same growing season. There were only 15 studies in the rigorous literature addressing the combined impact of high temperatures and waterlogging. None explicitly examined whether these combined effects were additive (penalties close to the sum of the individual penalties), synergistic (more severe penalties), or antagonistic (less severe penalties). We aimed to propose a sound hypothesis on the most likely type of interaction between these two stressors. Reviewing the scarce literature we found, against expectations, that antagonistic interactions were most common, followed by cases of additive effects, with synergistic interactions being rare. Notably, while the primary concern of virtually all studies was the impact on crop yield, most of them focused exclusively on leaf-level traits, whose responses did not correlate well with yield responses. This preliminary analysis provides solid roots for hypothesizing that waterlogging and high temperatures interact antagonistically; i.e., that plants might develop some resilience when exposed to one stress, potentially reducing the impact of the other. Should this hypothesis be accepted, considering not only physiological traits but also, and mainly, yield in major crops, there would be a less pessimistic view on the expected outcome of the increased frequency of crops being exposed to combined high temperature and waterlogging.