Uloga Metaboličkih Stresora U Nastanku Supkliničkog Endometritisa Kod Krava

The involution period is a vital stage that corresponds with the body's adaptation to new lactation. Fluctuations and imbalances in certain metabolic parameters, lower insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues, hypoglycemia, and increased glycolysis can contribute to the establishment of subclinical endometritis (SCE). SCE is distinguished by the absence of clinically evident illness symptoms; the sole indicator of inflammation is an increase in polymorphonuclear cells count (PMNs) in cytological samples collected from endometrial swabs. In cows with SCE, imbalances in certain macroelements, indicators of energy metabolism, and values indicating liver injury have been found. Specifically, the availability of calcium (Ca) in the first three days postpartum plays a crucial role in preventing uterine diseases. Optimal Ca levels help maintain immunological integrity and regulate myometrial contractions, which are essential for timely placental detachment and lochia elimination. Ca deficiency can result in placental retention and the development of putrefactive processes, creating a favorable medium for the growth of potentially pathogenic bacteria, particularly anaerobes. Calcium also plays an indispensable role in regulating PMN migration and bactericidal capacity. The functional ability of PMN depends on intracellular glycogen stores. During this production-reproductive phase, homeoretic mechanisms redirect glucose to the mammary gland, reducing glucose concentration in the systemic circulation. Consequently, PMN are exposed to decreased glucose levels while simultaneously being subjected to high concentrations of lipids and inflammatory mediators, leading to PMN dysfunction before they reach the uterus. High concentrations of β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) negatively affect PMN functionality, reducing their phagocytic, apoptotic, necrotic, and chemotactic capabilities. Mineral, metabolic, and energy by-products are risk factors for reproductive tract diseases. However, metabolic stress can also be triggered in the peripartum period, making cows more susceptible to developing SCE.