Optimization of Yellow Oleander Oil Extraction Process using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), and Central Composite Design (CCD)” : Extraction of yellow oleander oil
2025
Jeremiah Odhek | Mbatia, Betty | Ogur, Erich | ALUOCH, Austin | OTİENO, Geoffrey
Yellow oleander oil extraction was optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Central Composite Design (CCD) to maximize yield. RSM refined the process and developed predictive models critical for achieving maximum oil recovery and maintaining production quality standards. The extracted oils were analyzed using FTIR and GC-MS to assess their chemical composition, purity, and fatty acid profile. The optimization process showed excellent agreement between the predicted and experimental oil yields. In particular, the RSM-CCD optimization achieved a high coefficient of determination (R² = 0.7810, Adj-R² = 0.5770). Under the optimized conditions of 125 minutes extraction time, 50°C temperature, solid/solvent ratio of 5.5, and particle size, the yield of yellow oleander oil reached 67.3%, which was largely in line with the model prediction of 67.5%. The quality of the oil met ASTM standards: saponification number 197.33 mg KOH/g, acid number 0.224 mg KOH/g, peroxide number 1.88 ± 0.04 meq O₂/kg, and iodine value 80.77 ± 0.76 g I₂/100 g. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of aliphatic, carbonyl, ester, unsaturated alkene, glyceryl, and carboxyl groups in the oil. In addition, the oil contained 45.3% unsaturated fatty acids, with oleic acid (17.3%) and arachidonic acid (16.8%) as the predominant components. These results confirm the potential of yellow oleander oil as a viable biodiesel feedstock, validated by experimental analysis.
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