Pharmacokinetics of Antibiotics in Crocodiles: A Review
2025
Seavchou Laut | Saranya Poapolathep | Pandaree Sitthiangkool | Narumol Klangkaew | Napasorn Phaochoosak | Mario Giorgi | Elena Badillo | Elisa Escudero | Pedro Marín | Amnart Poapolathep
This review aims to provide an overview of the pharmacokinetics of antibiotics in crocodilian species, focusing on species-specific variations in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME), as well as the influence of environmental factors. A review of the available literature across crocodilian species reveals notable pharmacokinetic variability. Environmental influences, such as temperature and metabolic rate, are shown to impact these pharmacokinetic parameters significantly. Despite the frequent use of antibiotics in clinical and conservation settings, the lack of standardized dosing regimens presents risks of under- or over-dosing. This variability is compounded by limited research on species-specific drug metabolism and elimination processes. The review highlights the need for further pharmacokinetic studies to develop evidence-based dosing protocols, optimize therapeutic outcomes, and address concerns related to antimicrobial resistance. Future research should focus on filling the gaps in PK data to refine dosing strategies and ensure both efficacy and safety in crocodilian species.
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