Do brassinosteroids enhance and upgrade their regulation roles in seeds?
2025
Aoyu Chen | Xiaofeng Wang | Meng Zhang
Seeds are a key bridge between plant generations, which also provide nutrients for humans and animals. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are already present in lower plants, but the order of magnitude increases of their content in seed plants, especially in angiosperms, and the refinement of the BR signaling pathway of angiosperms implies an intensification of the BR function in seed plants. Notably, BR content in seeds is significantly higher than in vegetative tissues and more active brassinolide is found in dicot seeds rather than monocot seeds. Moreover, it is deduced that orthodox BR signaling was initiated before the emergence of angiosperms and after the separation of gymnosperms and angiosperms. Does this evidence suggest updated roles and functions of BRs in seed development? Here, we review the functions and mechanisms of BRs in seeds in terms of BR content, morphogenesis, storage material accumulation, seed size, dormancy, and germination. Further studies are however needed to answer this open question.
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