Reduced tillage intensity does not increase arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity in European long-term experiments

Mechanical soil disturbance is one among the key factors influencing soil biodiversity in agriculture. Although many soil organisms are sensitive to soil disturbance, fungi could be highly impacted due to their sessile lifestyle, relatively slow growth and filamentous body structure. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are of particular interest in arable lands, providing crop plants with numerous vital services such as nutrient acquisition and protection against abiotic and biotic stressors. Considering this, tillage practices that aim to reduce soil disturbance are often seen as a fungal-friendly alternative to conventional inversion tillage. Although local studies exist on the impacts of minimal tillage practices on AM fungi, the universality of this approach has been debated. Our objective was to assess the effects of reduced tillage intensity on AM fungi in comparison with conventional tillage. Using high-throughput sequencing techniques in long-term field experiments in five European countries, we show that the effects of reduced tillage intensity may not necessarily be positive on soil AM fungal diversity. Plots which were tilled using reduced tillage techniques had lower AM fungal richness in three countries, whereas in one of them, no significant differences were found. We also observed a shift in AM fungal communities where prevalence of taxa preferring root colonisation rather than soil exploration increased under reduced tillage regimes. Here, we argue that more detailed and long-term studies are needed to understand the factors that could make the reduction of soil disturbance more beneficial to AM fungi if agricultural sustainability goals are to be met.

This study was supported by ERA-NET Cofund BiodivERsA3 [SoilMan]. The SoilMan project (Grant Number 01LC1620) was funded through the 2015–2016 BiodivERsA COFUND call for research proposals with the national funders Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF/Germany), Development and Innovation Funding (UEFISCDI/Romania), Estonian Research Council (ETAG/Estonia), French National Research Agency (ANR/France), Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO/Spain), Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences & Spatial Planning (FORMAS/Sweden). TV and MÖ are supported by the Estonian Research Council grant nr PRG1789. IH is supported by the Estonian Research Council grant PUT1170. MV is supported by the Estonian Research Council grant nr PRG1065 and PRG1836. S-KS is supported by the Estonian Research Council Grant No. PRG1836.

Peer reviewed