The very-high-resolution configuration of the EC-Earth global model for HighResMIP

We present the very-high-resolution (VHR) version of the EC-Earth global climate model, EC-Earth3P-VHR, developed for HighResMIP. The model features an atmospheric resolution of ∼16 km and an oceanic resolution of ° (∼8 km), which makes it one of the finest combined resolutions ever used to complete historical and scenario-like CMIP6 simulations. To evaluate the influence of numerical resolution on the simulated climate, EC-Earth3P-VHR is compared with two configurations of the same model at lower resolution: the ∼100 km grid EC-Earth3P-LR (LR) and the ∼25 km grid EC-Earth3P-HR (HR). Of the three configurations, VHR shows the smallest drift in the global mean ocean temperature and salinity at the end of a 100-year 1950s control simulation, which points to a faster equilibrating phase than in LR and HR. In terms of model biases, we compare the historical simulations against observations over the period 1980–2014. In contrast to LR and HR, VHR shows a reduced equatorial Pacific cold tongue bias, an improved Gulf Stream representation with a reduced coastal warm bias and a reduced subpolar North Atlantic cold bias, and more realistic orographic precipitation over mountain ranges. By contrast, VHR shows a larger warm bias and overly low sea ice extent over the Southern Ocean. Such biases in surface temperature have an impact on the atmospheric circulation aloft, connected with a more realistic storm track over the North Atlantic yet a less realistic storm track over the Southern Ocean compared to the lower-resolution model versions. Other biases persist or worsen with increased resolution from LR to VHR, such as the warm bias over the tropical upwelling region and the associated cloud cover underestimation, a precipitation excess over the tropical South Atlantic and North Pacific, and overly thick sea ice and an excess in oceanic mixing in the Arctic. VHR shows improved air–sea coupling over the tropical region, although it tends to overestimate the oceanic influence on the atmospheric variability at midlatitudes compared to observations and LR and HR. Together, these results highlight the potential for improved simulated climate in key regions, such as the Gulf Stream and the Equator, when the atmospheric and oceanic resolutions are finer than 25 km in both the ocean and atmosphere. Thanks to its unprecedented resolution, EC-Earth3P-VHR offers a new opportunity to study climate variability and change of such areas on regional and local spatial scales, in line with regional climate models.