Collection and genetic characterization of Vitis vinifera ’ Žilavka’ by microsatellites and AFLP markers | Zbiranje vinske trte sorte Žilavka (Vitis vinifera L.) in genetska karakterizacija z mikrosatelitnimi in AFLP markerji

English. ‘Žilavka’ has been grown in Bosnia and Herzegovina since the XIVth century and is exploited for wine production. Although not sufficiently studied, this grapevine cultivar has high economic potential for the country. Five survey missions resulted in the collection of eighty ‘Žilavka’ accessions that varied in terms of names and characteristics. Because of the unknown origin of the cultivar, these accessions were analyzed with microsatellites markers in order to obtain a standard ‘Žilavka’ genotype. AFLP markers were used to investigate the genetic basis of variability within the cultivar. ‘Žilavka’ grapevines were screened on 14 microsatellite loci, thus revealing 4 different genotypes arising from mutations observed at 10 polymorphic loci. AFLP analysis of 52 ‘Žilavka’ accessions revealed 35 different genotypes, with an average polymorphism of 57 %. Cluster analysis showed no grouping of different Žilavka accessions according to their names, characteristics or collection locations. The standard ‘Žilavka’ genotype was further compared to 211 cultivars from Slovenia (49), Austria/Germany (20), France (13), Portugal (27), Croatia (19), Greece (32), Spain (21) and Italy (30) in order to assess their genetic relationships. In pairwise comparisons, the highest genetic similarity was found with Slovenian cultivars ‘Glera’ and ‘Briška Glera’ (64 %) and the highest genetic dissimilarity (100 %) with two Italian cultivars, ‘Nebbiolo Lampia’ and ‘Vespolina’. Inventory, collection and genetic characterization of ‘Žilavka’ accessions are important steps towards cultivar standardization, identification of parental cultivars and investigation of cultivar origin, required for its sustainable use.

Slovenian. ‘Žilavka’ je pomembna vinska sorta z območja Bosne in Hercegovine kjer jo gojijo že od XIV stoletja. V preteklosti ni bila dovolj proučevana vendar ima velik ekonomski potencial za omenjeno območje. Akcesije žilavke (80), ki imajo različna imena in se razlikujejo po nekaterih osnovnih karakteristikah so bile nabrane na različnih področjih Bosne in Hercegovine. Za pridobitev standardnega genotipa žilavke smo uporabili mikrosatelitne markerje in z analizo 14 lokusov odkrili mutacije na 10 lokusih in določili 4 različne genotipe. Vse akcesije (52) katerim smo na osnovi mikrosatelitov določili standardni genotip smo nadalje analizirali z AFLP markerji in tako določili 35 različnih genotipov. Povprečni polimorfizem pri AFLP analizi je bil 57 %. S klastrsko analizo nismo odkrili skupin povezanih z različnimi karakteristikami, poimenovanjem ali izvorom akcesij žilavke. Standardni genotip žilavke smo nadalje primerjali z genotipi 211 kultivarjev iz Slovenije (49), Avstrije/Nemčije (20), Francije (13), Portugalske (27), Hrvaške (19), Grčije (32), Španije (21) in Italije (30), da bi ugotovili kakšna je sorodnost z njimi. V analizi primerjave parov smo ugotovili, da je žilavka najbolj sorodna (64 %) s slovenskima kultivarjema ‘Glera’ in ‘Briška Glera’ ter najbolj genetsko oddaljena od italijanskih kultivarjev ‘Nebbiolo Lampia’ in ‘Vespolina’. Zbiranje, vrednotenje in genetska karakterizacija akcesij žilavke je pomembna za standardizacijo kultivarjev, analizo starševstva in izvora sorte.