Occurrence and Distribution of Fluoride in Groundwater and Drinking Water Vulnerability of a Tropical Dry Region of Andhra Pradesh, India
2024
Gaddam Yasaswini | Sambani Kushala | Ganjikunta S. V. Santhosh | Mude T. K. Naik | Mijanur Mondal | Uttiya Dey | Kousik Das | Soumyajit Sarkar | Pankaj Kumar
There has been a growing concern over the occurrence of fluoride (F&minus:) in groundwater and the impact of F&minus: exposure on human health issues over the past decades. So, this study conducted a regional&ndash:scale assessment of the occurrence and trend of groundwater F&minus: distribution [2014&ndash:2018] integrated with locally field&ndash:based investigations on F&minus: exposure to a few selected families (10 households and 35 respondents) and reason behind their consumption of F&minus: containing water (n = 18). In the local study, water samples were collected from multiple sources around the selected households by dividing them into consumptive and non&ndash:consumptive use. Results revealed that across the state of Andhra Pradesh, the occurrence of F&minus: is more than the permissible limit in groundwater, and it has been increasing over the years (2014&ndash:2018) (average SD is 0.55), and the local study showed that the groundwater had an average of 1.5 mg/L F&minus:, while other sourced water had an average of <:1 mg/L F&minus:. Most interestingly, nine families are consuming non&ndash:F&minus: containing water (<:0.52 mg F&minus:/day) which is commercially available, while only one family is consuming F&minus: containing groundwater and being exposed to >:3 mg F&minus:/day. This disparity in fluoride exposure is dependent on economic stability and health exposure policies.
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