Effect of Biostimulants and Glyphosate on Morphophysiological Parameters of Zea mays (L.) Seedlings under Controlled Conditions

Maize (Zea mays L.) is the major produced crop in South Africa, but numerous abiotic/biotic stressors threaten its production. Herbicides are mainly in the agricultural sector to minimise crop yield losses caused by weed competition. However, with most weeds becoming resistant to glyphosate, South African farmers have used higher herbicide concentrations than typically recommended. This study was conducted to determine the effect of two biostimulants (brassinosteroids and KELPAK) and glyphosate on the morphophysiological parameters of maize seedlings. Experiments were carried out in the glasshouses of the Department of Soil, Crop, and Climate Sciences at the University of the Free State in Bloemfontein for eight weeks over two seasons, 2017/2018 and 2018/2019. The treatments did not significantly affect all maize morphological parameters except the plant dry mass. Compared to the control, plant dry mass was significantly (p &lt: 0.05) increased by 15.72 g when glyphosate was applied in combination with brassinosteroids during the 2019 growing season. The application of glyphosate, brassinosteroids, and KELPAK differed significantly (p &lt: 0.05) between weeks across the physiological parameters in the two seasons: an irrefutable significant increase was recorded in the rates of transpiration between the weeks. Although significant differences were recorded in the chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll, and carotenoid content, these parameters were similar to the control, especially in the last week of data collection. During the early developmental stage of maize, farmers can administer biostimulants&mdash:brassinosteroid (5 g ai ha&minus:1) and KELPAK (5% ai ha&minus:1)&mdash:alone and in combination in glyphosate-resistant maize cultivars treated with glyphosate to aid maize seedlings.