The Role of Red Clover and Manure Fertilization in the Formation of Crop Yield of Selected Cereals

The use of legumes in rotation is beneficial and is of great importance in sustainable agricultural production in line with the assumptions of the European Green Deal. The aim of the presented research was to evaluate the cultivation of red clover as an undersown crop for spring barley and as a forecrop for winter wheat on the yield and quality of spring barley and winter wheat. To achieve this goal, two long-term static experiments set up in 1955 were used, in which diversified mineral and organic fertilization were used in two rotations: rotation without red clover (sugar beet&ndash:spring barley&ndash:winter rapeseed&ndash:winter wheat) and rotation with red clover (sugar beet&ndash:spring barley with undersown red clover&ndash:red clover&ndash:winter wheat). The obtained results indicate that the Norfolk rotation with red clover, as well as varied fertilization and years of research, influence the yield of plants. The highest grain yields of spring barley (5.7 t ha&minus:1) were ensured by mineral fertilization (NPK) and mineral fertilization in combination with manure (&frac12:NPK + &frac12:FM). However, the highest yields of winter wheat grain (6.4 t ha&minus:1) were recorded in the treatments with exclusive mineral fertilization (NPK), significantly lower yields in the treatments where mineral fertilizers were used in combination with manure (5.7 t ha&minus:1) (&frac12:NPK + &frac12:FM) and only manure (5.1 t ha&minus:1) (FM). The lowest yields of both cereals were found on soil that had not been fertilized since 1955 (0). The grain yield of spring barley was not significantly differentiated by the sowing method and was similar for spring barley grown with and without undersown red clover. Including legumes in the rotation had a positive effect on the yield of winter wheat. Fertilization had the greatest impact on the protein content in cereal grains. The use of mineral fertilization (NPK) and mineral fertilization in combination with manure (&frac12:NPK + &frac12:FM) ensured the highest protein content in the grain of spring barley and winter wheat. Mineral fertilization (NPK) increased the protein content in spring barley grain by 2.9 percentage points compared to the unfertilized treatment (0) and by 2.1 percentage points compared to exclusive manure fertilization (FM), and in winter wheat grain by 2.3 and 1.4 percentage points, respectively. The cultivation of red clover in the rotation also had a positive effect on the protein content in spring barley and winter wheat grains.