Influence of Alkaline Reduced Water Supplementation on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Non-Diabetic and Diabetic Rats

Background: With the global increase in metabolic disorders, identifying effective dietary strategies is crucial for enhancing health outcomes. While various health advantages of alkaline reduced water (ARW) have been documented, its specific impacts on glucose and lipid metabolism in both healthy and diabetic conditions are still not well understood. Methods: This study investigates how ARW affects carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in male Wistar rats, which were induced to develop glucose metabolism disorders through subcutaneous injections of nicotinamide and streptozotocin (STZ). The rats were allocated into four groups: one group received distilled water, another ARW, with similar arrangements for both non-diabetic and diabetic rats. Throughout the six-week experiment, the rats had unrestricted access to food and water. At the end of the study, blood and tissue samples were collected post-euthanasia for further analysis. Results: Non-diabetic rats consuming ARW experienced significant decreases in plasma glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, insulin, leptin, and TBARS levels, along with reduced activities of hepatic hexokinase and intestinal sucrase. Meanwhile, there were increases in hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities, such as glutathione peroxidase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, although glutathione levels decreased. In diabetic rats, ARW supplementation notably reduced plasma glucose and the glucose area under the curve, lowered hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase and intestinal disaccharidase activities, and raised hepatic GSH levels. Conclusions: These findings suggest that ARW supplementation significantly enhances glucose and lipid metabolism and boosts antioxidant activity in both non-diabetic and diabetic rats, indicating its potential as a therapeutic aid for managing metabolic disorders.