Aqueous-Phase Uptake of Amlodipine Besylate by Activated Carbon Derived from Dwarf Elder
2025
Milan Z. Momčilović | Vladimir Dodevski | Sanja Krstić | Milica Petrović | Ljiljana Suručić | Aleksandra Nešić | Aleksandar Lj. Bojić
This study reports the synthesis of activated carbon from dwarf elder, a lignocellulosic precursor, yielding a material with a high specific surface area (500.43 m2/g) and mesoporous structure (median pore radius: 3.88 nm). The physicochemical properties of the obtained carbon were characterized using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Brunauer&ndash:Emmett&ndash:Teller (BET) analysis, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), confirming its suitability for aqueous-phase sorption applications. Batch experiments demonstrated carbon&rsquo:s efficacy in adsorbing amlodipine besylate (AMB), a model pharmaceutical pollutant, with a maximum capacity of 325.9 mg/g under optimized conditions (pH 10.0, room temperature). Systematic evaluation of key parameters, such as initial AMB concentration, sorbent dosage, pH, and agitation speed revealed that sorption kinetics adhered to pseudo-second-order and Elovich model. The high efficiency of the synthesized carbon material, coupled with its low-cost and eco-friendly synthesis, positions it as a promising candidate for the scalable remediation of AMB and structurally related pharmaceuticals from contaminated water sources.
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