A New Kinetic Model for Pectin Extraction from Grapefruit Peel Using Delayed Differential Equations
2025
María L. Montoro | María N. Pantano | María C. Fernández | María F. Sardella | Andres Rosales | Gustavo Scaglia
The objective of this study is to develop a kinetic model that incorporates time-delay mechanisms to describe the gradual release behavior of pectin. Three models were used: modified Peleg, logistic, and second-order linear with time delay (SOPDT), to represent the extraction kinetics of grapefruit peels at 60, 70, and 90 °:C. Model fitting was performed using a hybrid methodology combining Monte Carlo simulations with genetic algorithms. The SOPDT model provided the best fit, with the lowest squared error values (J = 7.06 at 60 °:C, 5.63 at 70 °:C, and 8.71 at 90 °:C), requiring only two parameters to represent the entire process. In contrast, the other models required six. The maximum pectin yield reached over 120% at 90 °:C, compared to <:80% at lower temperatures. These results demonstrate the potential of the SOPDT model for efficient process description and control.
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