Correction of ASCAT, ESA–CCI, and SMAP Soil Moisture Products Using the Multi-Source Long Short-Term Memory (MLSTM)

The Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT), Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP), and European Space Agency-Climate Change Initiative (ESA&ndash:CCI) soil moisture (SM) products are widely used in agricultural drought monitoring, water resource management, and climate analysis applications. However, the performance of these SM products varies significantly across regions and environmental conditions, due to in sensor characteristics, retrieval algorithms, and the lack of localized calibration. This study proposes a multi-source long short-term memory (MLSTM) for improving ASCAT, ESA&ndash:CCI, and SMAP SM products by combining in-situ SM measurements and four key auxiliary variables: precipitation (PRE), land surface temperature (LST), fractional vegetation cover (FVC), and evapotranspiration (ET). First, the in-situ measured data from four in-situ observation networks were corrected using the LSTM method to match the grid sizes of ASCAT (0.1&deg:), ESA&ndash:CCI (0.25&deg:), and SMAP (0.1&deg:) SM products. The RPE, LST, FVC, and ET were used as inputs to the LSTM to obtain loss data against in-situ SM measurements. Second, the ASCAT, ESA&ndash:CCI, and SMAP SM datasets were used as inputs to the LSTM to generate loss data, which were subsequently corrected using LSTM-derived loss data based on in-situ SM measurements. When the mean squared error (MSE) loss values were minimized, the improvement for ASCAT, ESA&ndash:CCI, and SMAP products was considered the best. Finally, the improved ASCAT, ESA&ndash:CCI, and SMAP were produced and evaluated by the correlation coefficient (R), root mean square error (RMSE), and standard deviation (SD). The results showed that the RMSE values of the improved ASCAT, ESA&ndash:CCI, and SMAP products against the corrected in-situ SM data in the OZNET network were lower, i.e., 0.014 cm3/cm3, 0.019 cm3/cm3, and 0.034 cm3/cm3, respectively. Compared with the ESA&ndash:CCI and SMAP products, the ASCAT product was greatly improved, e.g., in the SNOTEL network, the Root Mean-Square Deviation (RMSD) values of 0.1049 cm3/cm3 (ASCAT) and 0.0662 cm3/cm3 (improved ASCAT). Overall, the MLSTM-based algorithm has the potential to improve the global satellite SM product.