Political will has been critical for protecting forests in the Brazilian Amazon and Indonesia.
2025
LYONS-WHITE, J. | SPENCER, M. | ARIF, J. | BALMFORD, A. | BARLOW, J. | BRANDÃO, J. | BÖRNER, J. | CAMARA, G. | CHANDRA, A. | CLEARY, D. | COLCHESTER, M. | DHARMAWAN, A. H. | EKAPUTRI, A. D. | GRABS, J. | HECHT, S. | IDRIS, N. | JUNIYANTI, L. | KUMARAN, S. | LASMANA, F. P. S. | MACEDO, M. N. | MCGRATH, T. | NAWAWI | NUSSBAUM, R. | PARANHOS, M. | POLLARD, E. | PORRO, R. | REIS, J. C. dos | SMITH, R. E. | STRUEBIG, M. J. | TURNER, E. C. | UTAMIPUTRI, P. | VALENTIM, J. F. | GARRETT, R. D. | JOSS LYONS-WHITE, UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE | MATTHEW SPENCER, IDH | JOKO ARIF, THE DAVID AND LUCILE PACKARD FOUNDATION | ANDREW BALMFORD, UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE | JOS BARLOW, LANCASTER UNIVERSITY | JOYCE BRANDÃO, UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE | JAN BÖRNER, UNIVERSITY OF BONN | GILBERTO CAMARA, INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE PESQUISAS ESPACIAIS | ADELINA CHANDRA, UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE | DAVID CLEARY, THE NATURE CONSERVANCY | MARCUS COLCHESTER, FOREST PEOPLES PROGRAMME | ARYA HADI DHARMAWAN, IPB UNIVERSITY | ANDINI DESITA EKAPUTRI, UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI’I AT MANOA | JANINA GRABS, UNIVERSITY OF BASEL | SUSANNA HECHT, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA | NASSAT IDRIS, IDH | LILA JUNIYANTI, RESEARCH CENTER FOR POPULATION, NATIONAL RESEARCH AND INNOVATION AGENCY | SHASHI KUMARAN, THE ROYAL SOCIETY FOR THE PROTECTION OF BIRDS | FELICIA P. S. LASMANA, HCV NETWORK | MARCIA N. MACEDO, WOODWELL CLIMATE RESEARCH CENTRE | TOBY MCGRATH, EARTH INNOVATION INSTITUTE | NAWAWI, RESEARCH CENTER FOR POPULATION | RUTH NUSSBAUM, PROFOREST | MARCELA PARANHOS, SAIL INVESTMENTS B.V. | EDWARD POLLARD, POSITIVE BY NATURE | ROBERTO PORRO, CPATU | JULIO CESAR DOS REIS, CPAC | RICHARD EILERS SMITH, PRODUCE, CONSERVE AND INCLUDE INSTITUTE | MATTHEW J. STRUEBIG, UNIVERSITY OF KENT | EDGAR C. TURNER, UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE | PRATIWI UTAMIPUTRI, THE BIODIVERSITY CONSULTANCY | JUDSON FERREIRA VALENTIM, CPAF-AC | RACHAEL D. GARRETT, UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE.
Deforestation remains a prominent contributor to climate change and biodiversity loss. Yet while 76 million hectares of primary tropical forest have been lost since 2000, two thirds of tropical forests remain. What factors have been most important for protecting these forests? Unlike policies, which often have clearly defined spatial and temporal boundaries, the roles played by dynamic underlying political and economic structures, and their interactions with policies and emergent factors, can be challenging to identify. Expert knowledge can bridge this gap by revealing the full range of factors needed to achieve forest protection. Here, we conducted a Delphi study with 36 experts, focusing on the Brazilian Amazon and Indonesia. Our results highlight the importance of political will, civil society advocacy, and intergovernmental diplomacy, and shifts in the importance of different factors over time. These findings illuminate the interactions between international and national structures and policies in generating the conditions for forest protection.
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