Outdoor air pollution, road traffic noise, and allostatic load in children aged 6–11 years: evidence from six European cohorts
2025
Mou, Yuchan | Kusters, Michelle Sofia Wilhelmina | Robinson, Oliver | Maitre, Lea | Mceachan, Rosemary, R C | Yuan, Wen Lun | Hjertager Krog, Norun | Andrušaitytė, Sandra | Bustamante, Mariona | de Castro Pascual, Montserrat | Dedele, Audrius | Wright, John | Grazuleviciene, Regina | Aasvang, Gunn Marit | Lepeule, Johanna | Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark | Tiemeier, Henning | Vrijheid, Martine | Thomson, Errol, M | Guxens, Mònica | Instituto de Salud Global - Institute For Global Health [Barcelona] (ISGlobal) | Erasmus University Medical Center [Rotterdam] (Erasmus MC) | Universitat Pompeu Fabra [Barcelona] (UPF) | Imperial College London | Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública = Consortium for Biomedical Research of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP) | Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK (BIHR) | Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Statistics | Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistiques (CRESS (U1153 / UMR_A 1125)) ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) | Norwegian Institute of Public Health [Oslo] (NIPH) | Vytautas Magnus University - Vytauto Didziojo Universitetas (VDU) | Institute for Advanced Biosciences / Institut pour l'Avancée des Biosciences (Grenoble) (IAB) ; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire [CHU Grenoble] (CHUGA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Etablissement français du sang - Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes (EFS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA) | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health | University of Ottawa [Ottawa] | Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats = Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) | UK Research and Innovation Metage project (MR/S03532X/1) | Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBERESP, and the Generalitat de Catalunya-CIRIT | Lithuanian Agency for Science Innovation and Technology (6- 04-2014_31V-66) | Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) is supported by the Norwegian Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Education and Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) (contract no. N01-ES-75558), and NIH/ NINDS (grants 1 UO1 NS 047537–01 and 2 UO1 NS 047537- 06A1) | European projects and the Greek Ministry of Health (Program of Prevention of Obesity and Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Preschool Children in Heraklion district, Crete, Greece: 2011– 2014; “Rhea Plus,” Primary Prevention Program of Environmental Risk Factors for Reproductive Health, and Child Health: 2012– 2015) | CEX2023-0001290-S funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, and support from the Generalitat de Catalunya through the CERCA Program | Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Red INMA G03/176; CB06/02/0041; PI041436; PI081151 incl. FEDER funds; PI12/01890 incl. FEDER funds; CP13/00054 incl. FEDER funds) | CIBERESP, and the Generalitat de Catalunya-CIRIT 1999SGR 00241, Generalitat de Catalunya-AGAUR (2009 SGR 501, 2014 SGR 822, 2021 SGR 01564), Fundació La marató de TV3 (090430), Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (SAF2012-32991 incl. FEDER funds), Agence Nationale de Securite Sanitaire de l’Alimentation de l’Environnement et du Travail (1262C0010) | EU Commission (261,357, 308,333, 603,794 and 634,453) | European Project: 874583,H2020,H2020-EU.3.1.2.,ATHLETE(2020) | European Project: 308333,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2012-two-stage,HELIX(2013)
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Show more [+] Less [-]English. Emerging evidence suggests that exposure to air pollutants and road traffic noise triggers stress responses, which mediate physiological responses in multiple organs and tissues. However, epidemiological study in children is sparse. We aimed to evaluate whether outdoor air pollution and road traffic noise are associated with physiological response measured by allostatic load in children. We studied 919 children aged 6–11 years from the HELIX (Human Early Life Exposome) cohort in 6 European countries with 19 biomarkers assessed in four physiological systems—cardiovascular, metabolic, immune/inflammation, and neuroendocrine systems. We then calculated both count-based and continuous scores for each physiological system and generated allostatic load scores (range 0–19). Exposure to air pollution (NO 2 , PM 2.5 , PM 10 , PM 2.5 absorbance) and road traffic noise (L DEN ) based on participants’ home, school, and commuting route addresses were estimated for the year prior to outcome assessment. Higher exposure to all air pollutants was associated with a higher allostatic load, although only the association of PM 10 survived correction for multiple testing (for count-based allostatic load score: RR = 1.27, 95%CI: 1.08, 1.48; for continuous allostatic load score: β = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.27–0.84, per each 10 µg/m 3 increase in PM 10 ). Examining physiological systems separately, higher exposure to air pollution was mainly associated with higher allostatic load in the immune/inflammatory and metabolic systems. No associations between road traffic noise and allostatic load were observed. Our findings suggest that air pollution act as a chronic stressor in manifesting multi-systemic physiological dysregulation in childhood, which may be a precursor of air pollution-related diseases.
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